Post Truth : Sunday Reading

Sunday Reading task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Click here to know detaile about this task.

• Definition of  The Term Post - Truth :

The meaning of the term Post - Truth is that relating to a situation in which people are more likely to accept an argument based on their emotion and beliefs, rather than one based on fact. "In this era of post - truth politics, it's easy to cherry-pick data and come to whatever conclusion you desire"

• Post - Truth 

Post - Truth is a new word, it has been chosen as the word of the year for 2016 by the chosen as the word of the year for 2016 by the Oxford English Dictionary. Post- Truth is a compound word,which is a word comprised of two words joined together to create a new word with a new meaning of the term Post - Truth, where it comes from and some examples of its use in sentences.

Post-Truth describes a situation in which the important of actual facts is supplanted by appeals to emotion and personal prejudices in influencing public opinion. The prefix post -means after , though beginning in the 1970s it began to be use to designate a time when something becomes irrelevant . An example of this use is the word post-truth was popularized with the 2004 publication of the book The Post-Truth Era , written by Ralph Keyes. The term post-truth is most often used in the term Post-Truth Politics, a political philosophy which stresses emotion and personal prejudices over objective fact or specific policy. A related term is Post-Truth. 

• Examples : 

The Guardian Australia's Katharine Murphy put it this way : "We've been drifting,in increments, in the direction of post-truth, but the election of Trump is a headfirst pitch over the cliff."

We are witnessing the results of a widespread trend, summed up by the epithet "post-truth politics", that can be understood through studies of disinformation in Putin's Russia.

The election of an American president who routinely lies and the success of Brexit after a campaign full of falsehoods suggest we're in a post-Truth world, writes Roy Greenslade for The Guardian.

• Post-Truth and Philosophy : 

We live with truth all around us and yet some people readily embrace lies. Everywhere you turn among the academics and pundits, we constantly are fed a stream of rhetoric about how we live in a "post-truth" world. Somehow, as the narrative goes, we have given up on the notion that words can mirror reality.

There have been many attempts to define what "post-truth" actually is.some simply describe it as the new era where truth just doesn't matter or that people can spread lies without being called to task. however,it's more nuanced than that .

There is a term used in proposition logic called "truth value". I think this is term is important because it points to the root of what's wrong today in our discourse, whether it's a "debate" among pundits on cable show, arguments with relatives. When we have an opinion about a particular topic, we try to being correct . Without verifying those facts underpinning our viewpoint, one can find themselves defenseless position. Click here to learn more about post-truth and philosophy.

Everyone has different perspective to judge same things it is their opinion not fact. we have see the above image about opinion not a fact. 

Thank you for read my blog....

Metaphysical poetry

Here is my task on metaphysical poetry given by Dr. Dillip Barad Sir Head of English Department.

• METAPHYSICAL POETRY :

         

The term metaphysical or metaphysics in poetry is the fruit of renaissance tree, becoming over ripe and approaching pure science."META"means"beyond"and"Physics"means"Physical nature".Metaphysical poetry means poetry that goes beyond the physical world of the senses and explores the spiritual world .Metaphysical poetry began early in the JACOBEAN AGE in the last stage of the age of Shakespeare.

In the first half of the 17th century,a group of poets emerged who'es poetry is known as "THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY". Since John Donne was the pioneer of this group ,it is also known as THE SCHOOL OF JOHN DONNE .The other poet who followed footstep of John Donne were George Herbert , Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley and Robert Herrick .These poet try to followed the style of writing poetry which was initially cultivated by John Donne.

• Characteristic of Metaphysical poetry :

The metaphysical poetry has been extensively commented upon by Dr. Samuel Johnson . In his biographical work "THE LIVES" while writing about the life of couly .Dr. Johnson try to interpret The Metaphysical poetry and it's features.Jonson find's following feature in the metaphysical poetry of Donne and his school.

• Conscious Attempt  : 

All the metaphysical poets made a conscious attempt to differ in the style of writing poetry from the former poets .They were not whiling to continuous writing poetry in a same manner just like Shakespeare,Spencer,Philip Sydney,Christopher Marlowe and others.They wanted to make their poetry look different from the former poet.It was the conscious attempts to part with the exciting style writing poetry and to cultivate a new style.

critics find two reasons for then desire to differ from the former poet. The first reason is that they were fully aware of the fact that they would have been rejected had they continuous writing poetry in the same way. The invention of printing press help a lot in expanding education and literacy so people were also retrait  and it was then demand to have new kind of poetry.This demand of the people for a new type of poetry was served by metaphysical poetry.

All the metaphysical were literate and degree holder they wanted to exhibit then learning and scholarships and so they tried to differ from the former poets.

• Far Fetched Image : 

Far fetched images and conciets is one more feature of the metaphysical poetry. They never tried to use and express their images from that field with which the theme of the poetry was concerned.They tried to bring there images from those field which have nothing to do with the theme of there poems so they are called far fetched images.

In tried to bring there images from the branches and areas just like agriculture mechanical engineering , architecture ,biology Geometry and many other field which have nothing common with the theme of there poems.Such a practice drew attention of the readers and it made them establish poets Herbert borrowed image from architecture and mechanical engineering . The best example are "The church porch" and "The Pulley" marvell made use of Geometrical and agricultural images.The best example is "To His Coy Mistress" Donne made use almost all type of images in his poetry.This kind of practice was and experiment for them in which they successfully.

• Dramatic manner and direct tone of speech is one of the main characteristics of metaphysical poetry,In the starting line of the poem "The Canonization"-there are is given a dramatic starting -

"For God' sake hold your tongue , and let me love".

• Concentration is an important quality of metaphysical poetry in general and Donne's poetry is particular.In his all poems, the reader is held to one idea or line of argument. Donne's poems are brief and closely woven. In "The Extasie", the principle argument is that the function of man as a man is being worthily performed through different acts of love. He continues with the theme without digression. For example ,

"As 'twixt two equal armies, Fate 

Suspends uncertain victorie,

Our souls,(which to advance their state,

Were gone out,)hung 'twixt her and me".

• Wit is another characteristic of metaphysical poetry. So, here we find various allusion and images relating to practicality all areas of nature and art and learning to medicine, cosmology,contemporary discoveries, ancient myth, history, law and art .For instance, in "The Ecstacy", Donne uses the belief of the blood containing certain spirits which acts as intermediary between soul and body -

"As our blood labours to get

Spirits, as like souls, as it can,

Because such fingers need to knit

That subtle knot,which makes us man:"

In the same poem, the Ptolemaic system of astrology is also used when he says - 

"...We are

The intelligence, they the sphere."

• Usage of satire and irony is another characteristic of metaphysical poetry . Donne also uses this in his poems.For example, in "Canonization", there is subtle irony as he speaks of the favoured pursuits of people - the lust for wealth and favours.

"Take you a course, get you a place,

Observe his honour, or his Grace".

• Major Metaphysical Poets : 

1. John Donne
2. George Herbert
3. Andrew Marvell
4. Saint Robert Southwell
5. Richard Crashaw
6. Thomas Traheme
7. Henry Vaughan

• John Donne as metaphysical poet :

John Donne was the most original and the Father of the Metaphysical School of poetry . His poetry is revolutionary. His style is original.His images are personal. He replaces passion, sentiment and sensuality with wit, elegance and realistic tone. He also used hyperboles.

Donne's poems can be divided into three groups-

# Love Poems#

#Divine Sonnet#

#Satires#

In satires, Donne is highly witty and in love poems highly realistic. The first point which strikes a reader reading his love poetry is surprising directness of the speaking voice and diction;

"For God's sake hold your tongue and me love"

His love poetry is highly dramatic and it seems he is talking to his beloved and is never sentimental. His poem "The Sun Rising "is a highly colloquial in tone and dramatic in presentation. Similarly in "Sweetest Love I Do Not Go For Wearing Of Thee" has originality which comes out in the careful subtlety of the poem's argument.He was a conscious artist and avoids conventions,fluency of movement and courtliness of  diction.

• Metaphysical Poetry By John Donne : 

"The Sun Rising"

"Death Be Not Proud (Holy Sonnet)

"The Flea"

"The Dream"

"Sweetest Love,I Do Not Go"

"The Ecstacy"

# Sweetest Love , I Do Not Go #

"Sweetest Love I Do Not Go "analysis shows that it is from the collection of "Love Poem"of John Donne .In this poem, he is addressing to his wife Anne Moore. The theme of the poem is parting; therefor, the poet consoles his wife. Poet was departing for Europe in 1611. This poem is an expression of those feeling, which he has experienced when he wan away from his wife. Donne was gravely in love with her. It seems that she is unable to differentiate between parting and death. Death is also a kind of parting from near and dear ones;therefor,the situation of departing is also not different from death. However, the poet consoles his wife while saying that she should not become tearful and should face this situation. Click to read the actual poem on poetryfoundation .org.

# The Sun Rising #

"The Sun Rising" analysis shows that it is famous love  poem of John Donne from "Song and Sonnet". In fact, due to this beautiful poem , John Donne gained fame in the world of literature. The poem is entirely unexpected and unconventional, due to which readers have experienced a new kind of poetic wit. Many poets and critics have done analysis of "The Sun Rising"but none of them criticized it. Every poet,writer and critic appreciated the imagery,background,setting and style of the poem. One of the main reasons due to which this poem is famous is its start. It opens with abrupt colloquial dialogue. Moreover,it shocks the readers from its initial lines. Donne is famous for being unromantic, highly realistic and making witty remarks.
Click here to read the whole poem.

S. T. Coleridge has also done analysis of 'The Sun Rising". His comment are worth mentioning :

The poem is characterised by "true ,vigorous 

exultation, both soul and body in full nuisance."

• Andrew Marvell As A Metaphysical poet :

Andrew Marvell ,(born march 31,1621),Winestead, Yorkshire, England -died August 18, 1678,London), English poet whose political reputation overshadowed that of his poetry until the 20th century.He his now considered to be one of the best Metaphysical poets.

# To His Coy Mistress #

Andrew Marvell in his poem "To His Coy Mistress" demonstrates two characteristic of poetry we , today, categorize as metaphysical .

He uses stretched metaphors, for example . In part one of his syllogism, or logical argument designed to convince his target -a woman--to sleep with him , he is refers to their love as "vegetable love". The idea is that if they were immortal and could spend centuries in the wooing stage of love making, their love could grow as slow as a vegetable. The metaphor is stretched, of course. The slow growing rate of a vegetable is not normally compared to love growing .

Secondly ,Marvell display and revels in his wit and intelligence and learning. In the second part of his syllogism, in which he centers on the mortality of humans, he conclude with

The grave's a fine and private place,

But none, I think , do there embrace.

And later, in part three, he says that the lovers should be like "amorous birds of prey." The grave couplet demonstrates his wit and keeps the poem a little lighter than the morbid imagery might otherwise make it. The comparison of lovers to loving predators demonstrates both a stretched metaphor and wit. The stretched metaphor, the wit displayed, and, additionally, the carpe diem theme, mark Marvell as a metaphysical poet.

Thank you for read my blog..........

Sunday Reading : Sairandhri by Vinod joshi

Sunday reading task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir.
                     
    

VINOD JOSHI (born 13 August 1955) is a Post - modern Gujarati poet ,writer and critic from Gujarat,India who has imbued refreshing rural life images mainly through portrayal of feminine sentiments in Gujarati literature .His notable works include Parantu, a collectionofGeets (lyrics poetry),

SHIKHANDI , a long narrative poem based on Shikhandi, a character from the Mahabharata(1985), Radio Natak: Swarup ane Siddhant (Radio Drama :from and Theory , an abridged Ph.D. thesis )(1986),Tundil-tundika, a form of padyavarta , a Gujarati medieval literary genre (1987) , and Zalar Vage Zoothadi, a collection of poems (1991).

Vinod Joshi received many awards,

                               

NOTABLE AWARD	Year
KAVISHWAR DALPATRAM AWARD	2013
2. SAHITYA GAURAV PURASKAR	2015
3. NARSINH MEHTA AWARD	2018
4. KALAPI AWARD	2018
5. UMASHANKAR JOSHI AWARD	1986
6. JAYANT PATHAK POETRY AWARD	1984
7. THE CRITICS AWARD	1986
8. THE ZAVERCHAND MEGHNI AWARD	2011

• Sairandhri: By Vinod Joshi 

Acclaimed for the elegant female sensibility in the sounds, rhymes and rhythm of his songs , Vinod Joshi talks to SBS Gujarati about 'SAIRANDHRI' his poem based on the character of DRAUPADI she is one of the character of Mahabharata .Vinod Joshi's recent publications "SAIRANDHRI"(2018) poem composed in prabhandh from with seven Cantos, 49 chapter and 1800 lines.And it is based on Draopadi character of Hindu epic Mahabharata. Here poet tried to explain Draopadi's feeling and thought . As a part of languages poet used figurative language ,personification , meter,chopai and Dohra in Sairandhri .Poet also used Sringara rasa in the poem Sairandhri.

This poem based on Mahabharata . In Mahabharata one part of 'VIRAT PARVAS' .It's call 'Agnat Vas' which living into hidden from and without self-sameness wherever.Here question is that what's purpose of remaining in the hidden way? Draupadi was daughter of the king Drupad who is the king of paanchal. She known with various name into the Mahabharata like as Krishna ,Yagnaseni , Panchali..etc There are many story and problem responsible behind her name . But here vinod Joshi's sairandhari is differ from Mahabharata .Here vinod joshi presented draupadi as a lover of Karna.

• 'Sairandhri 'is a poem of lost identity

              

Vinod joshi told that his Draopadi is differ from Mahabharata's Draopadi. He create imaginary character of Draopadi or Sairandgri in his poem .Vinod Joshi told about Sairandhari had losted her real identity .Sairandhri had not proper one identity She played vital role in Mahabharata without one certain identity .She loss her identity with sacrifice of body for five Pandavas .In the Mahabharata she don't raise question for her identity who has not freedom to express her own desire .She can not protect herself with praise . In the Mahabharata's sairandhri was not alone she was always with Pandavas and Krishna while here poet's imagination in his poem Sairandhri is alone nobody with her and she free for everything .In this poem she is powerful women describe by vinod joshi .This poem explain about one woman condition,emotions, and feelings.

In the poem poet present different way interpreted love story of Sairandhari and Karna rather than Mahabharata's story. In this poem poet presented that she chose Karna for marriage not Arjuna. Arjuna is a second choice.when sairendhri first time see the Karna in સ્વયંવર the huge image of Karna raise in Sairandhri's mind,

વક્ષ  વિશાળ ભુજા  બળશાળી 
નેત્ર વિધુત ચમક નિહાળી
તક્ષ ક્ષણ મોહિત થઈ પાંચાલી 
વરણ કરી નિજ મનમાં માલી
સવૅ નૃપાલ સ્વયંવર માણે 
હતો કણૅ નિરહે દુ:ખ જાણે
સ્થાન હતું એને મન ઉતમ
કરવા કોઈ અનન્ય પરાક્રમ
દુષ્ટિ સહેજ સ્પર્શી ને સરકી
પાંચાલી નખશીખ ગઈ ધરકી
રહિ બાહુબલી નર ને જોતી
તરત પરોયા મનમા મોતિ......

Karna was brave man although he had hidden his ownership.He lost his identity. Poet's one object of the create poem is that woman has to power to fight without hesitation.

• Reference : 

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Joshi
https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/sairandhri-is-a-poem-of-lost-identity


  Thank you for read my blog.......

Thinking Activity: Doctor faustus

Here is my answer on Doctor Faustus task given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir(Head of English department mkbu).

• Short Introduction about Christopher Marlow:

                               

Christopher marlow(baptised 26 February,1564 - 30 May,1593)was an English playwright,poet and translator of the Elizabethan Era.Marlow was the foremost Elizabethan Tragedian of his day.His works influenced William Shakespeare and generations of writers to follow.Born in Canterbury,England in 1564.while Christopher Marlow's literary career lasted less than six years,and his life only 29 years,his achievements,most notably the play 'The Tragicall History of Doctor Faustus',ensured his lasting legacy.

                     

Doctor Faustus ( or Tragicall History of  The Life and Death of Doctor Faustus),based on the German Faustbuch,was the first dramatised version of the Faust legend of a Scholar's dealing with the devil.While version of "The Devil's pact" can be traced back to the 4th century,Marlow deviates significantly by having his hero unable to "Burn His Books" or repent to a merciful god in order to have his contract annulled at the end of the play.Marlow's protagonist is instead carried off by demons,and in the 1616 Quarto his mangled cropse is found by several scholars.Doctor Faustus is a textual problem for scholars as two version of the play exist: The 1604 Quarto,also known as the A Text and The 1616 Quarto or B Text.Both were published after Marlow's death.

Q-1 :  The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe Theater ends with this scence ( see the image of Lucifer)what does it signify?

                                

The play directed by Matthew Dunster for GLOBE THEATER ends scene suggest that the fall of Dr.Faustus and the victory of Lucifer.Dr.Faustus a well-respected German Scholar,grows dissatisfied with the limits of traditional form of

Knowledge,logic,medicine,law and religion and he decides that he wants to learn more knowledge.He became hunger for knowledge But he choose wrong path.Dr.Faustus mistaken choice,exchange of his soul to Lucifer,results in his downfall.He devoted himself completely to Lucifer,never choosing right and making a tragedy out of his downfall.At the end of the scene Dr.Faustus realized that he choose wrong path and at the end by his grief he indirectly dies inside and because of that fall of Dr. Faustus Lucifer feel his great triumphal against him.

According to Aristotle The tragic hero evokes both our pity and terror because he is neither good nor thoroughly bad but a mixture of both;this tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better than we are.such a hero suffer from a change of happiness to misery because of his mistaken choice which is led by his Hamarcia(error of judgment).The tragic hero stands his fate or the gods to demonstrate his power of free will.He wants to be the master of his own fate.He decides to make decisions but mostly the decision making would lead to weakness or his own downfall.

Dr faustus as a  tragic hero evokes our pity.We feel some form of connection with him because he has a sense of realism.Dr.Faustus makes mistakes which can be also all human condition.He wants to gain more knowledge that is also another part of human condition to learn and understand more.We sympathize with Dr. Faustus because his feeling are similar to other human beings at the end we really want him to repent in order to change his fate radically.We sympathize with him at the end of the drama when it is time for a farewell to his soul.Although he has done many fault but we really want God not to be so fierce towards a human being,He desires:

O soul, be changed to little water drops

And fall into the ocean.Ne're be found

O,mercy,heaven!look not so fierce on me! 

Q-2 Is God present in the play?If yes how,where and how? If no ,why?

No,there is not present of God in the play But we can say that,God gave us multiple choice and then rest us that whether we choose good or bad way for our desire.It's depend upon us what we choose.Dr.faustus choose his own way of getting knowledge and power.we can say that God gives him some significantly by sending the old man and good Angel But again choice rest of on Faustus.Faustus reveals one of the text's main themes power and ambition when he responds to the Good Angel's and Bad Angel's arguments by declaring his desires for power and wealth,Despite the Good Angel's attempts to persuade Faustus to look toward  God and redemption,Faustus is blinded by the power,fame and wealth that the Bad Angel reminds him he will have with Lucifer.In faustus lines,he describes all the way he can he wants,revealing his greedy and power hungry side. Good Angel and old man also try to save Dr.faustus but dr faustus is blinded he don't understand .Dr.Faustus is very confused about what is good and bad for him.Sem situations in the drama" HEMLET" by Shakespeare.Hamlet not able to take decisions in the right time.

Desire for learning is part of human nature but he choose wrong way without sense of guilt.His hasty desire for power and honor did not allow him to repent.He was so confused that he couldn't decide on following The ways of God or The path of Lucifer.

so we can say that God gives many choice but dr faustus blinded for power and knowledge so he don't understand that what is good or bad for him.

Q-3 : what reading and interpretation can be givan to this image with reference to central theme of the play Dr.Faustus?

                              

Greek myth of Icarus,a son whose father DAEDULUS is a brilliant inventor the Thomas Edison of his day.Unfortunately,he angers king minos, the ruler of the island Crete, and he has to hightail it out of there.Desperate to flee the island,Daedalus uses wax to build some wings for himself and his son Icarus .Daedalus warns his son to fly at a middle height: the seawater will dampen the wings and the sun will melt them.Icarus is having so much fun flying that he forgots the warning and flies too close to the Sun, and then he fall down on earth and died.

"Greater the height is Greater the lose(fall)".

Similarly fall down of Dr.Faustus.Pride creates Dr. Faustus inability to repent,therefore ultimately resulting in his death.We compares Dr.Faustus with Icarus their similarity being vanity.Dr.Faustus fall down from his higher position of knowledge.Lust for knowledge is good at some level but cross the limitation it is bad .Thus we can say that this image of falling of Icarus shows the central theme of being vanity or same falling of Dr.Faustus.

Q-4 :  How do you interpret this painting?
                             

 Above the image is a about Landscape with the fall of Icarus is an oil painting attributed to PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER.It shows the Greek mythological figures,icarus plunging into the sea in the lower right-hand corner.In literature,Icarus is often used as a metaphor for human pride and ambition.

William carlos Williams :

According to Brueghel 

when Icaruse fell

it was spring

A farmer was ploughing 

his field

The whole pageantry

Of the year was

Awake tingling

Near

The edge of the sea

 concerned

With itself

Sweating in the sun 

 That Melted

The wing's wax

Unsignificantly off the coast

There was

A splash quite unnoticed

This was 

Icarus drowning.

(https://poets.org › poem › landscape...
Landscape with the Fall of Icarus by William Carlos Williams - Poems | poets ...)

When you rise and fall it for insignificant for the people.Everyday many people fall down but we have not disturb about it.In above image we can see that one person fall down in the sea but the farmer and woman don't disturb.Nobody can effected.They doing their rooting work.

Q-5 : Read this article by Bhagat singh.In the light of the arguments made by Bhagat singh in this article,can you re-write last monologue of Doctor Faustus?

Ans :5  Bhagat singh was strong atheist. He didn't pray to God for save his life at the end of his life.

Bhagat singh: O'Lucifer come and take my soul with you.I  don't wait this long

didn't occur to your all knowing God. I will not curse anyone even not myself.I'm not needed the pity and sympathy from anyone.I don't pray to God to save my life because I am atheist.I don't believe in blind faith.

O 'Lucifer don't wait me a long.I'm ready to come with you.I will never stop my quest for knowledge.

O'Lucifer come and take my soul.

                   Thank you........

Thinking Activity : Renaissance Literature

Here is my answer compare and contrast characteristic of renaissance age with other ages. Task Given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir Head of English department m.k.b.university.

In the earlier times,literature was dominated by the spirit of religion and blind faith.However in the Renaissance age,institutions were questiond and took the cognitive level of human mind to new heights.The Renaissance was a cultural movement that initially began in Florence,Italy but later spread throughout Europe.It started around 1350 and ended around 1600.The word Renaissance means 'Rebirth' or'Revival'. During the Renaissance,people experienced changes in art,learning and many other things.

Comparison between Elizabethan age and victorian age.
  
                     

( Elizabethan era  1550 to 1620) 

Elizabethan age is known as Golden period in history of England and english literature.This period witnessed a greater advancement in science ,arts,life of people.According to W.J.long the period from 1550 to 1620 was the duration of Elizabethan age.The Period of Queen of Elizabethan reign  England is rightly called "The Golden period" in the history of England and also in the history of english literature.Queen Elizabeth seemed one of the best rulers of English nation.In literary terms this period is considered as the period of  'Renaissance'. We know that the meant Re-birth or revival. In this age,there was rebirth or revival of Greek and Italian culture,learning,literature art painting etc..It was the period of awakening for knowledge and advancement. The Elizabethan Age refers to the period of Elizabethan 1 reign and is characterized by vigorous intellectual thinking and age of Adventurous and discovery,a time in which new ideas and new experience .The period revolutionized many aspects of English life,most significantly literature.

(Victorian era 1850 to 1900)

According to W. J. Long the period from 1850 to 1900 was the duration of the victorian Age.victoria became a Queen,in 1837. We notice that both of era Elizabethan and victorian era the rural is Queen. It is a Age of Democracy,it is an age of popular education,of religious tolerance,and profound social unrest.Education developed in both of Age.Victorian age is especially remarkable because of its rapid progress in all the arts and sciences and in mechanical invention.The victorian era was specifically British and marked a sort of golden age for many British citizens.

   Drama & prose and Novel:- 

During the Elizabethan age,drama made a swift and wonderful leap into maturity.The drama reached the splendid perfection in the hand of Shakespeare and ben jonson.Drama was chief literary glory of the Elizabethan age.The age of Elizabethan literature turned instinctively to the drama and brought it rapidly to the highest stage of its development.William Shakespeare is one of the famous dramatists during the Elizabethan age.

The victorian age is essentially the age of prose and novel.The forms of the literature,namely poetry and novel ,the victorian prose was also informed by the spirit of realism.The age produced many poets,and two who deserve to rank among the gretest,nevertheless this is emphatically an age of prose.It is the age of the newspaper,the magazine,and the modern novel.The great novelists like Dickens,Thackeray,George Eliot,generally leave us with a larger charity and with a deeper faith in our humanity. Literature, both in prose and in poetry ,seems to depart from the purely artistic standard,of art for arts sake, and to be actiated by a definite moral purpose.

The victorian believed that literature had to "instruct"society.It was the purpose of the writer to teach,through stories the proper way to be a person.The victorian novel wasn't as open-ended as Elizabethan poetry or drama;ther was a clear message in every story.

Language:- 

English was spoken in both eras,but we are more likely to pick up a book that was actually published in the victorian era and understand it.Many Shakespeare books today will have modern English and the English of the Elizabethan and,Carly,Stuart eras.

Education:-    

During the Elizabethan Era,The education of women depended on which class they belonged to,the women from rich and nobel families were sometimes permitted to undergo education.Education was normally at home home due to lack of girl's school's.Girl's were rarly allowed in any place of education other than petty school's.

Victorian women also typically stayed at home.Education Acts in 1850and 1878 required compulsory education for girl's it did not help much working class girl was educated in domestic skills,while some middle class girl's got a more formal education.It was still believed that girl's do not need advanced skills since their eventual role would be to take care of a family.common women did not get any formal education and the main focus was learning domestic chores,victorian women were typically taught singing,piano playing,and sewing skills learn were in line with other domestic role.In both Elizabethan and victorian era,women were not treated equally to men.

#Brief note on Thomas Hardy#

Thomas Hardy

(Victorian writer,

1840 to 1928)

Born:  June 2,1840 Upper

Bockhampton,England

Died:   January 11,1928(aged 87)

Dorchester,England

Occupation:  Novelist,poet and short story writer.

Literary period:   Victorian era

Spous:  Emma Gifford

Florence Dugdale

Nationality: English,British.

Thomas Hardy is as the greatest English novelist of victorian time.He was the eldest son of Thomas Hardy and Jemmima Hardy.His father was a stonemason and builder;his mother passed on her love of reading and book to her son.He received good education and became an articled pupil with an architect.Later he became an assistant to a well-known architect in London.when he was the student at the college,he wrote number of poems.At that time,he became interested in two major problems of that time viz.the conflict between science and religion and social and political rights of women.By the time he was thirty,he decided to abandon the profession of an architect.He also decided to devote himself to literature.Hardy spent the greater part of his life in writing the novels and finally poetry.He also tried to write a dramatic epic'THE DYNASTS'.Hardy as a novelist overshadowed Hardy, the poet.

• Hardy was a religion novelist:  

He wrote about the part of the country which he knew well.Dorset was his home country which lies in southern England.The Wessex the name which he gives to the locale of his novel.He landscape is almost as important in Hardy's novels as the characters.

• Hardy was a pessimist:

He portrays human life with is pathos,its humour,its tenderness,its strength and even its nobility.The World which Hardy depicts is one controlled by a senseless and cruel fate.In his preface to 'Tess',he quotes from King Lear " As flies to wanton boys,are we to the Gods,they kill us for their sport." 

• The major works of Hardy:

The important works of Hardy are as follow:

1. Under the Greenwood Tree(1872).

2. A pair of Blue Eyes(1873).

3.Far from the Madding Crowd(1874).

4.The Return of The Native(1878).

5.Tess of the D' Urbervilles(1891).

6. Jude The Obscure(1895).

7.The Woodlanders.

8. The mayor of Casterbridge.

9.Desperate Remedies.

10. Wessex poems.

11.The poor Man and the lady.

Thank you.........

Movie screening

#Movie screening#
"Article 15"
Department of English
Mkbu(Bhavnager).

                 

         5 July,2019 was memorable day for me because that day we all students of English department went to watch movie 'Article 15' .This academic movie screening organised by Dilip sir Barad head of English department mkbu(Bhavnager)and collaboration with'Tanishq  Jewellery'' The movie 'Article 15' is a Indian crime drama directed by ANUBHAV SHINHA and written by GAURAV SOLANKI.

What is Article 15?

            

One question raised in our mind ,why Anshuman Sinha choose the title'Article 15'?The film based on Article 15 of the Indian Constitution, which prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion,race,cast,sex or inspired by multiple true life events including 2014 BADAUM GANG RAPE ALLEGATIONS and 2016 and FLOGGING incident.Article 15 released Theatrically on 28 june 2019 and received critically acclaimed reviews from critics.

Ayushman khurrana played vital role in the movie.He was Brahmin hero and police officer.The movie began with interesting song.

कहब त लाग जाइ धक से

कहब त लाग जाइ धक से

बड़े बड़े लोगन के महला-दुमहला

और भइया झूमर अलग से

हमरे गरीबन के झुग्गी-झोपड़ीया

आंधी आए गिर जाए घड़ से

बडे़ बड़े लोगन के हलुआ पराठा

और मिनरल वाटर अलग से 

हमरे गरीबन के चटनी औ रोटी

पानी पीएं बालू वाला नल से

कहब त लाग जाइ धक से

This song describes reality of our society.Anubhav sinha's film is one of the strongest indictments of caste system in recent cinema.

Foreign return Ayan Ranjan,an upright IPS officer is given charge of the LALGAON police station in the rural heartland of India.In the village of LALGAON,three teenage girls go missing.Ayan's colleagues,Manoj pashwa and Kumud mishra tell him the girls will turn up.But the next morning,when two of them are found hanging from a tree,it confirms that something horrible has happened to them.The film makes the audience really look at how these things play out in society.

Director Anubhav sinha once again showcases his composed assurance by putting forward a socially relevant issue and skilfully blends it with mainstream filmmaking. While his last film'Mulk' focused on Islam phobia by arguing against the,common prejudice;In 'Article 15 'he shows the horrors of caste biased societal norms.Sinha gives a meticulously composed drama which establishes a tenses atmosphere from the start and keeps the viewer engaged throughout.The twists and shocks of this story are delivered with emotionl precision,each one landing like a heavy punch in the gut,making every minute crackle with intensity.

The relevant political subtext is the most interesting aspect of the film.which surprisingly works well as unexpected deadpan comedy.The Interaction between smart and unpredictable character is the main focus and certain situations are rightly peppered with winning wit and humour.The film is shot in the outskirts of delhi, and cinematographer Ewan mulligans has evocatively captured the spirit of these places.The gloomy atmosphere effect of the cinematography goes with the gritty subject of the film.

The good acting intensifies the drama,with Ayushman khurana's remarkable performance making a worthy centerpiece.It's rare to see a protagonist who's so gently human,so righteously patriotic, and so believable.And Ayushman encapsulates all these qualities in his performance with par excellence.Isha Talwar ,who plays Ayushman's wife,performs her role with required restraint and nuance.

NISHAD meanwhile,plays a genius who gave up a bright career to becam a rebel leader championing the cause of lower caste Dalits.He gets very few scenes,but his cameo appearance has a powerful presence.Ayan meets Nishad and try to convince for his help.Nishad said that,

"मे ओर तुम इन्हें दिखाई नहीं देते....

हम कभी हरिजन हो जाते हैं...

कभी बहुजन हो जाते हैं.....

बस जन नही बन पा रहे हैं....

कि जन गन मन में हमारी भी गिनती हो जाए।"

"इनसाफ कि भिख मत मांगो....

बहुत मांग चुके।"

"वो इस किताब की नही चलने देते

जिसकी ए शपथ लेते हैं।"

"मे रायटर बनना चाहता था..और साइन्टीसट भी..

फिर सोचा कि शायद साइंस का रायटर बन जाऊँगा।

कुछ भी न हुआ साला।कयौकि पैदा जहां हुआ वहां पैदा होना ही एक भयानक एकसीडेंट जैसा था।"

Nishad is right Anubhav Sinha draw the picture of our society.we can see that how upper class judge and behave with lower cast people.

Ayan investigates third girl pooja.He find out her in jungle and hospitalised her.The end of the movie reality comes outside that the main police officers BHARMADATT,ANSHU and NISHAL SINGH did rape with girls.Here we can see that how the police system connected with crime.

Ayan said his sir that,

"ये तीन लड़कीया अपनी दिहाडि में सिर्फ तीन रुपये ऐकस्टरा मांग रही थी..३ रुपये...जो आप मिनरल वाटर पी रहे हैं..उसके दो या तीन धुंट के बराबर..उनकी इस गलती की वजह से उनका रेप हो गया सर..उनको मार दिया गया ताकि पुरी जात को उनकी ऊकात याद रहे।"

They rape three girls only the demand of three rupees and then two girls hanged on tree rather than throw in lake because of lower caste people learn that they are not free from to do everything.We know that something happened wrong around us but we don't take voice against them,why?

 I like one dialog of Ayan when he himself go in lake for investigation and he said that,

"कभी कभी ब्राह्मणो को भी उतरना होगा।"

At the end of the movie BHRAMADTT arrested with a 10 year jaild.Other satirical point on language.we see the conversation between Ayan and Shastrijee in hindi and in english both and the conversation of Ayan with Amali who worked in his home.

Overall, 'Article 15' is a gripping social thriller anchored by excellent performance and a strong script that's rich in social commentary with Anubhav Sinha's straightforward and unflashy directorial style,the film proves to be an effective drama.

Thank you.....

Thinking Activity : Aristotle vs Plato

  Here is my answer of thinking activity which is given by our professor Dilip Barad sir(mkbu bhavnager)

  #Aristotle and Plato's objection#

                    

 Q-1   How far do you agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers?
   

        Yes I agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers.Freedom of expression is more important for creative writers.If we want to live freedom of life then we should follow Aristotle's views,But plato is right because there are so many T.V. Serial,movie are creating bad impressions in our mind and society.

         

         There are some T.V serials and movies  like khatroke khiladi, Balveer, Spiderman etc...in all things people try at their home and that is not good for them.Sometimes it's dangerous for people.This all imaginative thing's dangerous for both children and young people.

Q-2 with reference to the literary texts you have studies during B.A. Program,write brife note on the text which follow Aristotelian literary tradition.

                  

     During my B.A.I have study many tragic drama.Shakespeare's tragedies like" Hamlet" ,"Othello"," king Lear",and" Macbeth".These are the four great tragedies follow the Aristotelian tradition.In which during my B.A. I have study tragic play "Othello"

 

 Aristotle's design of the classic tragedy one can observe the artistic quality of Othello that brings out a clear understanding of the tragic hero.

Aristotle defines tragedy as,
     

     "The imitation of an action that is 

serious and also has moving                     

  magnitude,complete in itself;

       In a appropriate and pleasurable

       Language...in a dramatic rather   

       than narrative from ;with 

       Incidents arousing pity and fear,
       Where with to accomplish a 
       Catharsis of emotion"( Aristotle).

  This are unique qualities which can be found in Othello.The story begins with the main character and protagonist Othello,an African General for the Venice Armey .Othello has just married his  wife Desdimona .

Throughout the play Othello is challenged by Iago who works under him.Iago provides the drama;he represents the antagonist who is destined to ruin Othello and his marriage nothing good becomes of this play. By the end of this tragedy both Othello and Desdemona are dead. The drama that is revealed throughout stair the audience and their emotional senses.As idicated Aristotle's definition, The drama remains "serious".

       " A catharsis is a purging or

         Cleaning of tension....in a 
         tragedy this is often a moment
         Of revelation."

Q-3 with reference to the literary texts you have studies during B.A.

Program,write brief note on the text which did not follow Aristotelian literary tradition?

        Shakespeare definitely followed some of Aristotle's ideas,but not all of them or not consistently.

                  

              

        Also in play like Romeo and Juliet. It does not even attempt to follow the Aristotelian tragedy.This tragedy is about a man and woman deeply in love with one another.Their love could be interpreted as though is a long stretch.Their love is attacked by external forces however.The tragedy in this play is not tragic flaws within the protagonist but in the circumstances.Romeo and Juliet and other such play end with either the death or permanent separation of the lovers.

Q-4   Have you studies any tragedies during B.A.Program?who was the tragic protagonist in those tragedy?

              

In my B.A .Program.I studied many tragic play.In which"Othello" is my one of favorite tragic play written by William Shakespeare.First preformed around 1604.Othello is protagonist of this play.we feel all these things like humartia,tragic flaws,eror of judgment.In the end of the play Othello kills his wife Desdemona.He don't think he doing action than he came to know that his wife is innocent than he felt guilty and he kills himself.We feel pity for Othello.

   

    Q-5  Did the plot of those tragedies follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle?

   Yes the plot of those tragedies follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle like chain of cause and effect principle of probability and necessity, harmonious arrangements of incident,unity of action etc...For example,the plot of Hairy Ape as harmoniously built.We can observe the chronology of scene.As the first action takes plays at fire room and the ultimate setting is the cage of"Gorilla"that describes the struggle of Yank.

                                                   Here  we conclude with all things one perspective Plato's objection and other perspective Aristotle views are right,because in this age people want to freedom and live creative life.

Thank you......