Future of Postcolonial Studies: Globalization and Environmentalism

Hello Readers!

Welcome to my blog.  Now I'm going to write about the Future of Postcolonial Studies. Globalization and Environmentalism. In which we have to task about read both articles and after that summarize articles and include important Quote and give examples.  For reading Articles You can click here  Future of Postcolonial Studies. Globalization and Environmentalism.

 Q-1 : Summarize both Articles and includes importance quotes from bith articles. 

Ans:

Summary of Article one 'Globalization and The Future of Postcolonial Studies'.

Since the event of 11 September 2001, the attack on WTC TOWERS and  US invasion of Afghanistan and Irag. At the same time these violent event are also  part of the phenomenon. We think of as globalization. Globalization, they argue cannot be analysed using concepts like margins and centers so central to postcolonial studies. Hardt and Negri do not identify the United States ad this new power, although they do argu that 'Empire is born through the global expansion of the internal US constitutional project', a project which to include and incorporate minorities into the mainstream rather than simply expel or exclude them.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire  : 

"argues that the contemporary global order has produced a new form of sovereignty which should be called 'Empire' but which is best understood in 'contrast' to European empires."

This best defines the new Empire in contrast to European imperialism: 

"In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers."

Susie O'Brien and Imre Szeman believe that characterizing US political and cultural power as a global dominant detracts From a more thorough examination of sites and modalities of power in the global era. The colonized of today are given little place in the book's sprawling thesis about multitudes, biolpolitical control, and the Creation of alternative values. Globalization neo-liberal advocates who argue that the global mobility of capital, industries, workers, goods and consumers dissolves earlier hierarchies and inequities, democratises nations and the relations between nations and creatures new opportunities which percolate down in some from or another to every section of society. 

There is no doubt that globalization has made information and technology more widely available, and has brought economic prosperity to certain new sections of the world. Globalization is just another name for submissions and domination', Nicanord apaza, 46, an unemployed miner.

North Korea and India 's nuclear programmes are developed in defiance of the US, anf challenge the right of few powerful  nations to dictate to the rest of the world, but nuclear proliferation can hardly be seen as progressive in any way.

The resistance to globalization, moreover, often takes very local shape and involves struggles against national authorities, as in the case of Narmada Bachao Andolan in India, which has been protesting the Narmada Valley Development project to build scores of large dams across central India. New imperialism directly implicates education institutions. Nail Ferguson suggests that the US must learn from Britain and send its best and brightest students ftom its leading universities on the imperial mission. Western civilization is the primary source of the world's ills even though it gave us the ideals of democracy, human rights, individual liberty and mutual tolerance. 

The core premise of postcolonial theory is that it is immoral for a scholar to put his knowledge of foreign languages and cultures at the service of American power.

Summary of Article 2 The Future of Postcolonial Studies. 

 The second edition of this book  came out a decade ago, some of the best known practitioners of postcolonial studies, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, claim they 'no longer have a postcolonial perspective. Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier (1997) point out , is evident in American environmentalism and its obsession with the wilderness. Nixon suggests such 'spatial amnesia' is one reason why postcolonial criticism has been suspicious of  earth-first 'green criticism ' and therefore has not engaged with questions  relating to the environment.  Of late postcolonialists must take a new direction towards the environment, the history and present of indigenous peoples and societies. Premodern histories and cultures ongoing colonization of territories , labour and peoples by global capitalism. 

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak said that postcolonial studies is gone and dead : 

" I know longer have a postcolonial perspective. I think postcolonial is the day before yesterday."

 Vandna Shiva , environmental activist observed in staying Alive : Women ecology and survival in India there is deep connection between colonialism and the deconstruction of  environmental diversity. The growth of capitalism, and now of trans-national corporations, exacerbated the dynamic begun under colonialism which has destroyed sustainable local cultures.

Rob Nixon in Environmentalism and postcolonialism argue that He writes about American environmentalism and its obsession with the wilderness. This wilderness obsession is celebrated at the cost of erasure of history of colonized peoples through myths of  empty lands. They remain amnesiac towards non- America geographies.

The Displacement of indigenous communities and the theft of their land are also defining features of many spaces that have been privileged in postcolonial studies is Nigeria - whose oil-rich homelands were targeted for drilling by multinational companies leading to the displacement of Ogoni people and wide-scale environmental destruction India - 

the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) led widespread protests against the project fundedgby multinational as well as indigenous capital. the protests highlighted not just ecological damage but the displacement of thousands of tribal peoples all across the Narmada valley Central India - plunder of forests by iron and bauxite mining companies - resistance led by Maoist guerrillas.

EXAMPLE : 

Ania Loomba has also discussed some recent scholarship and political movements that show why the colonial past and the globalised present are deeply interconnected.

Tatvamasi is Gujarati book written by author Dhruv Bhatt. This book is become so popular that Gujarati movie Reva has been made from it. The story is based upon parikrama of Narmada river by an NRI Indian.

When the book was written at that time the NBD took a place. Dhruv Bhatt in his novel keeps silent about Narmada Bachao Andolan. It is one kind of escape from contemporary movement. Reva is Movie adaptation of the Novel Tatvamasi.

 

Citation 

Loomba, A. (n.d.). Colonialism/ postcolonialism . http://armytage.net/pdsdata/%5BAnia_Loomba%5D_Colonialism_Postcolonialism_(The_New(Book4You).pdf.

Midnight Children : Film Adaptation

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Welcome to my blog. Now I am going to write about the very interesting Novel Midnight’s Children written by Salman Rushdie and the movie adaptation of Midnight’s Children by Deepa Mehta. After watching movie we have task to write on Narrative technique in film adaptation , characters,How the movie adaptation captured themes and symbols and the texture of the Novel. Let's we discuss on it.

Salman Rushdie's Novels on Film 

Readers of Salman Rushdie’s novels know that he has been a prolific writer over the last few decades. Not only have his books received heaps of international critical acclaim, but they have also been loved by readers across the globe. So here’s where we have to tell you that the title of this article is a bit of a misnomer: only one of Rushdie’s novels has ever been adapted for the silver screen. In all these years, Rushdie’s works simply have not been remade as feature films. And it took more than 30 years for his novel, Midnight’s Children (1981), to reach the cinema. When we learned that Midnight’s Children was to become a film directed by Deepa Mehta, we were excited! But at the same time, we wondered: how might anyone turn a novel so immersed in the magical realism tradition into a work of cinema?

1. Narrative technique (changes made in film adaptation. For e.g. absence of padma,the nati,the listener,the commenter- what is your Interpolations.

Important concepts in Genette's narratology. 

This outline of Genette's narratology derived from Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. This book forms part of his multi-volume work Figures I-III. The examples used in it are mainly drawn from Proust's epic In Search of Lost Time. One criticism which had been used against previous forms of narratology was that they could deal only with simple stories, such as Vladimir Propp's work in Morphology of the Folk Tale. If narratology could cope with Proust, this could no longer be said.

He gave the five point of narratology 1.Order 

 2. Frequency

 3. Duration 

4.mood and 

5. Voice. 

Voice :

Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This can be split four ways.

Is the narrator character in the story .

Hetero-diegetic: the narrator is not a character in the story.

Homo-diegetic: the narrator is a character in the story. In the story we can the see that the narrator Saleem himself character in the story.

There are major differences to be sure ,between the novel and film versions of Midnight’s Children. Most notably,many of the magical realism elements disappeared as the book made its way to the screen. In an interview with Indian journalism out let news laundry. Rushdie discusses the ways in which he and deepa mehta dealt with musical realism onscreen. And the characters of padma,Nati and listener are in the novel but not included in the movie. In the novel padma listen the story of Saleem but in the movie padma not included only listener or audience listen the story of Saleem. 

2. Characters (how many included ,how many left out why? What is your Interpolations?

Midnight’s Children was very famous novel written by Salman Rushdie. There are many major and minor characters in the novel. In movie Midnight’s Children directed by Deepa Mehta we can see that there are many character included and many character left out. 

The movie began with Aadam Aziz who is the well-known doctor he treats his patient Naseem. They both married. Their daughter Mumtaz secretly married with Nadir khan. After that she married with Ahmed and her name was changed Anima Sina. They both live in Bombay at the houseof Englishman WilliamMetho. Anima given the borth two child one is Salem and Jasmine. 

The two servants entertain to English Man.

Wee willy winkly is my name to sing for my supper is my theme 

I hope you are comfortable or confortee. Winkly's wife gave the birth one child shiva.

Mary Pereira and her husband included in the movie cause of that Mary play a vital role she interchanges two child Saleem and Shiva. Two babies in her hand two lives in her power she did it for Joe. Her own private revolutionary act love me joe was in Mary's mind and then was it done.

Rich be poor and the poor rich.

Another character is Parvati the Midnight’s Children. She has magical power. She has pregnant by shiva and she married with Saleem. The Uncle zulfi and aunt emerald also included in rhe movie. Some character is left out in the movie for e.g. Padma Saleem told his story to padma but padma was not in the movie. The nati and the listener. 

3. Themes and symbols ( If film adaptation able to capture themes and symbols?

Themes are the fundamental ideas of the novel. In the novel we can see many themes and symbols. Rushdie establishes a strong connection between the history of India and the life of Saleem, his protagonist as if the two were Siamese twins? Right from the moment of his birth, Saleem is described as' being "mysteriously hand-cuffed to history, my destinies indissolubly chained to those of my country. For the next three decades, there was no escape." Thus, Rushdie sets the scene for us to believe a strange tale, if true, that Saleem Sinai by being born in Bombay on 15th August 1947 at the stroke of midnight, becomes the first child born in independent India, and that his story is the history of free India.  In the movie adaptation we can see that the many historical elements. 

June 12, 1975 will be remembered as a historic date at 2.15 this afternoon the prime Minister was found guilty of electoral malpractice from a specifically built podium mrs gandhi told the crowd that she was victim of hate camping the world emergency was heard for the first time. 

Symbol : Nose

Saleem Sinai’s large, bulbous nose is a symbol of his power as the leader of the Midnight Children’s Conference, which is comprised of all children born on the moment of India’s independence from British rule. 

His nose makes his power of telepathy possible, and this is how he communicates with the other children of midnight who all have varied powers of their own Saleem inherits his rather large, and perpetually congested, nose from his grandfather, Aadam Aziz, who also uses his nose to sniff out trouble.

 Saleem’s nasal powers begin after an accident in his mother’s washing-chest, in which he sniffs a rogue pajama string up his nose, resulting in a deafening sneeze and the instant arrival of the voices in his head. Saleem’s power of telepathy remains until a sinus surgery clears out his nose “goo.” After his surgery, Saleem is unable to further commune with the other children. Ironically, 

after Saleem’s nasal congestion is gone, he gains the ability to smell emotions, and he spends much time categorizing all the smells he frequently encounters.

4. The texture of the novel (what is the texture of the novel? Well i is the interconnectedness of narrative technique with the theme. It is well captured?

5. What is your aesthetic experience after watching the screening?

Yes there many aesthetic experience after watching the movie screening.  The movie is really interesting. It's included many historical elements. And many magical in incidents was interesting. Saleem was first child wgo born 15th August 1947 at midnight. Many children born in Midnight’s so they all have got a magical  power. Saleem has power of telepathy he listened voice voice are speaking inside to his head . He really thinks that archangel  have started to talk with him. After accidents he got a powe to smell everything so it was very interesting.  Saleem has the greatest gift of all he's the only one who can brings all child together. 

Parvati has a magical power. Saleem is in Pakistan he can to pass that without passport or permit returned in Parvati's basket of invisibility to India. So there are many magical seen was very interesting.This magical since awoke our aesthetic feeling. And we also feel pity for Saleem and shiva that how Mary changed two child  one rich become poor and poor became rich.  

The movie adaptation of the Novel Midnight’s Children is vary interesting. In two hours the hole story waz included in the movie. 

Thank you........

Citation :

Barad, D. (1970, January 1). Structuralism and Literary Criticism: Gerard Genette. https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2015/03/structuralism-and-literary-criticism.html?m=1#:~:text=Structuralist%20criticism%20aims%20at%20forming,in%20the%20field%20of%20narrative.

Golden, A. (n.d.). Salman Rushdie's novels on film. Our Blog. https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/salman-rushdies-novels-on-film.