The purpose - T. P. Kailasam

Here is my answer on 'The purpose' by T. P. Kailasam task given by Vaidehi ma'am Haryani. Click here to read about this task.

T. P. Kailasam :  

T. P. Kailasam , was a playwright and prominent writer of Kannada literature. His contribution to Kannada theatrical comedy earned him the title Prahasana Prapitamaha,' the father of humorous play's and later he was also called ' Kannadakke Obbane Kailasam' meaning ' one and only Kailasam for Kannada'.

His famous works : 

The purpose  -  T.P. Kailasam  :

Purpose by T. P. Kailasam , is a short play dramtizing events that occurred in the Mhabharata involving Drona, Arjuna and Eklavya. Drona is a skilled teacher, renown throughout the land for his wisdom and skill. Arjuna is a Prince of a great kingdom. Eklavya is a tribal boy from a relatively faraway area.

Q - 1 : Compare and Contrast Arjuna and Eklavya's character.

• Compare and Contrast character of Arjuna and Ekalavya : 

The purpose by T. P. Kailasam is based on Mahabharata.But here kailasam presented the story is different way. Eklavya is protagonist in this play. The play from Eklavyas point of view. He has been given a voice here. Arjuna is kshatriya . He is belonging to powerful upper cast. He is a arrogant and prodigal Prince. Other side Eklavya is a weak person from lower cast . He is a Nishadha boy. We can see that  Arjuna wants to become the great archer of the world and Ekalavya explains that he wants to learn archery to save lives of innocent animals. There perspective are different . We can say that  Arjuna's purpose behind learning archery is self centered while Ekalavya's purpose is nobel. In the Mahabharata Arjuna is a main character but here we can see that Ekalvaya presented as main character. In the second act Ekalavya is far ahead then Arjuna in Archery.  Arjuna become anger and said his guru that he tells everyone that guru dorna has not kept his vow. To save guru from social criticism Ekalavya gives his thumb as a gurudakshina. We feel pity for character of Ekalavya.

Q - 2 : what is subaltern? Who do you think is the subaltern in this play? Explain with Examples. 

• Meaning of subaltern : 

In the last two decades of the 20th century, subaltern studies, postcolonial theory and criticism gained momentum, especially, as a corollary to globalisation in the third world countries. If postcolonial criticism is taken as an offshoot of postmodernism subaltern studies derives its force from Marxism, poststructuralism and becomes a part of the postcolonial criticism.

" Subaltern" , meaning  " of inferior rank", is a term adopted by Antonio Gramsci to refer to those working class people in Soviet union who are subject to the hegemony of the ruling classes. Subaltern classes may include peasants, workers and other groups denied access to hegemonic power.

Subaltern mean a some one a low ranking in a society. We can say that Eklavya is a subaltern in this play. Because he was belonging to lower cast people. He is a Nishadha boy. He is  presented as a marginalized person .

Q - 3 : Write your views about Education system in India with reference to past and present time.

In a ancient times India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone who wished to study went to a teacher's ( guru) house and requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would then stay at the guru's place and help in all activities at home. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life. In ancient times  Guru teaching to only great king and his son and Brahmins son. But in present time this situation is changed.

રાજાકા બેટાહી રાજા નહીં બનેગા,
રાજા વહી બનેગા જો હકદાર હોગા.

This is one of the famous dailog by Anand kumar in the movie of  'Super 30' .  Now those day not only king and Brahmins son who  received education but all the people who received the equal chance to learning. Education system is changed in many ways but corruption is running. Most of people use education as a tool of business. In the past time Eklavya is not received education but in a present time all have equal rights for education.

Q - 4 : Dronacharya an ideal teacher? If yes,how? And if no, why ? Explain with Examples.

Guru means a teacher,  the one who removes mental and spiritual darkness with his teaching and conduct. Gu means " darkness of ignorance" and " Ru" means  "one who removes" one who dispels the darkness and takes towards light.

 We can not say that Dronacharya is ideal teacher.  All students are equal for teacher. I would like to mention here one quote from the novel of " Animal Farm",

"All are equal but some are more equal than others".

This quotation is suitable in the story of Ekalavya. In real life we can see that this thing happens in many places. We see the story of Ekalavya that Dronacharya teaches archery to Arjuna  but cannot accept Ekalavya's proposal because of his promise to Arjuna . Ekalavya is lower class person and he wants to learning to dronacharya . But dronacharya teaching only great king and his son. So we can not say that guru drona is a ideal teacher because all students are equal for teacher.



                     Thank you ..........

Sunday Reading : Girish Karnad

Here is my task on Sunday Reading ;Girish Karnad given by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Click here to view about this task.


Short Introduction about Girish Karnad :

Girish Raghunath Karnad was an indian actor, film director, Kannada write. He is the recipient of Jnanpith Award for Kannada, the highest literary honour conferred in India.For four decades Karnad has been composing plays, Often using history and mythology to tackle contemporary issues. He is also active in the world of Indian Cinema working as an actor, director,and Screenwriter, earning numerous awards along the way. He was conferred Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by the government of India.

Girish Karnad was born in Matheran, Maharashtra, into a Konkani-speaking family. His initial schooling was in Marathi. As a youngster, Karnad was an ardent admire of Yakshagana and the theatre in his village.

He earned his Bachelors of Arts degree from Karnataka University, Dharwad in 1958. Upon graduation, Karnad went to England and studied at Lincoln and Magdalen colleges in Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, earning his Master of Arts degree in philosophy, political science and economics. Karnad was a Visiting Professor and Fulbright Scholar in Residence at the University of Chicago.

Girish Karnad passed away on June 10th 2019. He was 81, and suffering from illness for the past few days.

• Remembering Girish Karnad : Looking at the noted playwright's politics of protest through his works Tughlaq, Taledanda : 

Girish Karnad represents an era of liberal imagination synchronous with the twilight of liberal and socialist practices in society politics. His successes were many and multi-faceted in several spheres of cultures: cinema, acting , direction, cultural imagination and , towards the end of his life,politics of protest. Because of Karnad's timing and placing, Tughlaq became a metaphor for the ambivalence and contradictions of the Nehruvian socialist democratic utopia. By historical accident,  Teledana too became an allegory for the angst of post-Indira Gandhi India.


By HS Shivaprakash

'A thousand lamps of civilization die out'- this is a quote from the Bengali poem  On 31st January 1948 by Bishnu Dey. Written after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.

Why do I begin tribute to Girish Karnad with these lines? When Dey wrote this poem,there was still hope that at least a hundred lamps of civilization would be reignited in post-independence India. But we are now living through the painful twilight of modernity and postmodernity governed by market-driven neocolonialism,, which is far unsettling and devastating than the previous avatars of colonialism.

• Neocapitalism and Karnad :

The historically unprecedented upsurge of neocapitalist marked is hounded by its dark and sinister antagonist-religious fundamentalism-across the world.In the past,at such moments of churning, the indomitable force of artistic imagination used to point the way forward. But today,art too has become captive of the market economy. This is the historical context in which the widely celebrated and highly exported Indian playwright Karnad passed away. Amid the deluge of condolences and commiserations,many recounted how in the past decade, the award-wining Kannada writer had been actively campaigning against the re-upsurge of  religious chauvinism. He actively protested human rights violations. Sure , Karnad deserve appreciation for speaking out boldly against forces of religious fundamentalism. It must have taken a lot courage for him to speak and stand up against the impending chaos in explicit postures and statements. However, the artist speaks more through his works than through words and actions.

Karnad's statements in the media and posturing apart, how did he,an artist, respond to the process of barbarisation being carried out in the name of civilization? Let try to address this question in the light of his celebrated play Tughlaq.

     Tughlaq : 

It was Karnad's second play, Tughlaq (1964), which established him nationally and internationally when he was only 26. The Kannada play first produced by professor  B Chandrashekhar in Kannada was masterfully translated later into Hindustani by BV  Karanth . Though the Kannada production made quite an impact locality. It was only when Karanth's translation was picked up for production by the doyen of modern Indian theater. Ebrahim Alkazi,that it gained international recognition. Alkazi produced the play for the National school of drama and it was staged at the purana Kilauea, with legendary actor manoher Singh playing the lead.The play depicted Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the 14th-century  sultan of Delhi, as a great visionary and a great flop. Each time as he tried to push forward his utopian vision,more head rolled and more heads rolled and more blood flowed. Somehow because of karnad's  timing and placing. Tughlaq became a metaphor for the ambivalences and contradictions of the Nehruvian socialist Democratic utopia.

Bangalore, Nov 9 : It seems actor and playwright Girish Karnad is miffed with the entire literary world. After attacking Nobel Laureate VS Naipaul, Karnad has trained his gun on another Nobel  Laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore.

 Karnad said all the plays written by Tagore till 11947 are second- grade.

" Tagore is a great poet, but his plays are unbearable,"  added Karnad. 

Karnad's Plays Translated in English: 

1.  Tughlaq,      Oxford university press.
2. Hayavadana, Oxford university press.
3. Yayati , Oxford university press.
4. Nagamandala : play with cobra, Oxford university press.
5. Fire and the Rain, Oxford university press,1998.
6. Bali :  The sacrifice, Oxford university press.
7. Tale Danda,Oxford university press.
8. Wedding Album , Oxford university press,2006.
9.  Boiled Beans on Toast, Oxford university press. 2014.
10. Crossing to Talikota, Oxford university press,2019.

 The Dream of Tipu Sultan:

Tipu Sultan kanda kanasu or The Dream of Tipu Sultan was written in 1997 and since then it has been performed many times by different groups around the world. Though the eyes of an Indian court historian and a British Oriental scholar, karnad traverses the historic moments and the last days of Tipu Sultan- the Ruler mysore in the play.

           Taledanda  : 

Written in 1990, the Kannada play explores the rise of the protest and reform moment, Lingaytism , in 12th century Kannada. The literature was recognised by the scholars and karnad was awarded the Karnataka sahitya Academy Award(1993) and the Sahitya Academy Award(1994) , in Kannada language for the play. He also received Jnanpath Award for the same in 1998.

Some view about Karnad  In newspapers:

• શ્યામ બેનેગલ 'મંથન' હોય કે નિશાંત' એક રીતે જોઇએ તો એ બોક્સ ઓફિસ ના સુપરસ્ટાર ની આખી સ્ટાર સીસ્ટમ ને તોડી નાખનારી એક કા્ંતિ જ હતી! એ દેશવ્યાપી ક્રાંતિ ના પ્રાદેશીક કક્શાએ અગ્રણી મશાલચીઓમા ગિરીશ કનાૅડને ઘણા ઉપરના સ્થાને મુકવા પડે એવું એમનું પ્રદાન હતું.

• નખશીખ હિન્દુસ્તાની કલાકાર એવા આ નાટ્યકારની શરૂઆત તો અંગ્રેજી નાટકોથી જ થઈ હતી. 'ધ મદ્રાસ પ્લેયસૅ' તેમનુ પહેલું નાટક અને આવતા મહિને જુલાઈમાં ' કો્સિંગ ટુ તલીકોટ' પુસ્તક આવશે . વિદેશી કલાજગત સાથે આટલી ઘનિષ્ઠતા હોવા છતાં એમનામાથી ભારતીય પણુ ગયુ નહિ.

• કન્નડ નાટકો માટે પાંચ દાયકા એમણે ખંતપુવૅકની સકિ્યતા દાખવી હતી.એમણે ઘણા અંગ્રેજી નાટકોનું ભાષાંતર કર્યુ છે તો પણ અંગ્રેજી ભાષા સહિત દેશની લગભગ  સમગ્ર પ્રાદેશીક ભાષામાં રૂપાંતર થયું છે.

      #ફિલ્મની ચિલમ #

એ આત્મકથાથી ઓડિયો બુક માટે કલામ સાહેબનો અવાજ ગિરીશ કનાૅડે આપેલો છે! આપણી સંસ્કૃતિ જો દુશ્મન દેશના સૈનિકોના શબને પણ સન્માનપૂર્વક અંતીમ વિધિ કરીને મોતનો મલાજો પાળવાનું શીખવતી હોય, તો આ તો આપણા જ સવોૅચ્ચ નાગરિક સન્માન એવા પદ્મભૂષણના ખિતાબથી વિભૂષિત કલાકાર હતા. તેમના વિચારો અને વાણી વિશેનું વિવેચન ભવિષ્યમાં થવાનું જ છે.

તેમણે અરૂંધતી નાગને આપેલા એક પુલંબ ઇન્ટરવ્યુમાં કહેલું કે "હું કોઈ પ્લે લખું તો મારી એવી ઈચ્છા ખરી કે 200 વર્ષ પછી પણ લોકો એ વાંચે, લોકો વાંચશે કે નહીં એ જોવા હું તો હાજર નહીં હોઉં"...પણ આપણે સૌ જાણીએ છીએ કે જ્યાં સુધી માનવી ને યુવાની ટકાવવાની ઘેલછા હશે, ત્યાં સુધી ' યયાતિ' કે પછી'તુઘલક ' જેવી તેમની રચનાઓ વંચાવાની પણ છે અને ભજવાવાની પણ છે.

Grish karnad such a great Indian playwright. He was achieved many awards.

Thank you......

Thinking Activity : Hamlet movie screening

Here is my answer on Thinking Activity on Hamlet movie screening. Task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Click here to view about  this task.

• Hamlet by William Shakespeare :

   

Hamlet is the first Tragedy in Shakespeare's series of great tragedies which is believed to be published in between 1601 and 1603. This play is one of his successful, perfect and best plays ever known. Hamlet is a revenge tragedy written in the line of Roman Senecan tragedy. It is the tragedy reflection and moral sensitivity.The protagonist is very reflective and too sensitive, thus unfit for taking revenge through action. He has tyo undo the past., but the paradox of guilt and justice baffles him.The soliloquies of Hamlet help to bring out his complex mental state. When the play ends all the major characters are dead making the tragedy an absolute one.

• Movie Adaptation :

Only Dracula and Sherlock Holmes have appeared in movies than Hamlet Shakespeare's most famous play has been adapted for the screen more than fifty times, in many languages. Because Hamlet is so long. Movie versions are usually heavily cut,but there are five widely-available adaptations of Hamlet which use most or all of Shakespeare's original text.

MOVIE ADAPTATION "HAMLET"	DIRECTOR	NOTABLE CAST
Hamlet - 1969	Laurence Olivier	Laurence Olivier.
2. Hamlet - 1969	Tony Richardson	Nicol Williamson Marianne faithful, Anthony Hopkins.
3. Hamlet - 1998	Franco Zeffirelli	Mel Gibson close,Helena Bonham-Carter.
4 . Hamlet -  1996	Kenneth Branagh	Kenneth Branagh,Kate Winslet,Julie Christie.
5. Hamlet -  2000	Michael Almereyda	Ethan Hawke,Julia Stiles,Bill Murray,Kyle Maclachlan.

• Hamlet Movie screening Kenneth Branagh :

Branagh's Hamlet uses Shakespeare's full text, and even adds in several flashbacks that don't appear in the original play. The result is a running time of nearly four hours. Critics admired Branagh's performance in the title role, and this adaptation is probably the most faithful to Shakespeare's play.

Here is my answer on based on movie screening Hamlet Kenneth Branagh .

Q - 1 How faithful is the movie to the original play?

"Hamlet " movie is directed by Kenneth Brangh on 1996. A complete version of Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet, it is over 4th hours long and Shakespeare's world of Hamlet is fully presented with the each dialogue as it is  in original text. The original text's dialogues covered up in this movie.

We can not say that the movie Hamlet is 100% faithful because there are many new thing in these movie. We can see that the costumes of characters look more like Victorians than 12th century Denmark or 16th century England. Branagh saws the Victorian ear and style costume,luxurious dress and rich ceremonies at the Court of Elsinore which is particularly luxurious rather than medieval time. Kenneth Branagh as'Hamlet" looks middle aged rather than young student of University.And by doing this Branagh little went away from the original play.

Q - 2 After watching the movie, have your perception about play, characters or situation changed ? 

According to my interpretation about some characters and situation are changed. In the movie (Kenneth Brangh ) hamlet is portrayed as too old than the real Prince Hamlet in the play who is very young.

Before i watched movie my perception about character of  Gertrude that she is good Queen but while watching the movie my perception is changed towards Gertrude.I have doubt her character.We can see that she was very happy with Claudius.I doubt that was she involved with Claudius to murder king Hamlet?Another one is that  i think Ophelia is a strong character but while watching the movie i see that she is became a made.

Q - 3  Do you feel ' Aesthetic delight' while watching the movie? 

Yes I feel 'aesthetic delight' while watching the movie. There are many scene in the movie its provide us aesthetic delight. I feel aesthetic delight while saw the ice-desert.

I also feel aesthetic delight while watching the ghost scene in the movie because I would like to watch ghost's movie.and also ghost performs as a vital role in the play because he wanted to revenge his murder.

I also feel aesthetic delight one scene in the movie 'Play Within the play'. Hamlet learns that his father has been murdered by Claudius. But he hesitates to execute the command of Ghost. He has doubt the genuineness of the Ghost and Claudius sin. He wishes to have strong proof before taking revenge and allows time to lapse until the arrival of the players. Their arrival inspires him with a sudden idea of enacting a play to catch the conscience of Claudius.Hamlet receives the players with enthusiasm  and plans with them to stage a play called The Murder Of Gonzago with some modification of speeches. Claudius behaviour is changed while  watching the play. The Mousetrap is well played by actore and that time king Claudias face with the trying hard not to show by his face what he is feeling. He suddenly standup and go out side. This is very interesting.

The gravedigger make a fun. He provide us aesthetic delight.

Q - 4 : Do you feel 'Catharsis' while or after watching movie?

Yes , I feel ' Catharsis' in the play, while Hamlet returned from Wittenberg to Denmark, He come to know about that his father is death and his mother grabbed by his uncle. The over hasty marriage of his mother with his uncle he gets shattered. 

Secondly we feel pity and fear towords Ophelia. Hamlet misbehave with Ophelia and also he used abusing words for her. Ophelia gone mad . The madness of Ophelia is miserable. How Ophelia became a made because of the three person in her life. Her father who abuse her for his own motives, her brother Laertes also involves in the same.

Q - 5 : Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play?

Yes, movie is better to understanding of the play. It is a very easiest way to understanding Hamlet play through the movie screening because in this movie Kenneth Branagh tried to covered up original text's whole dialogues as much as possible. It is possible that we can't imagine that kind of whole situation as well while reading the text. so in understanding character's every emotions movie is very helpful rather than reading. I don't read the original play so the movie screening help me to batter understanding about the basic idea of the play.

Q - 6 : Was the any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime?

Yes,there is last scene in the movie is cherish me lifetime .

Horatio : If your mind dislike anything , obey it. I will forestall their repair hither, and say you                   are not fit.

Hamlet :   Not a whit. We defy augury. There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it                    be now, 'tis not to come. If it be not to come,it will be now. If it be not now, yet it will                    come. The readiness is all .  Since no man of aught he leaves knows, what is't to leave                    betimes? Let be. 

               (Act five scene two)

This exchange seems to capture in its essence the changed Hamlet that we see in act five scene two. No longer is Hamlet his old questioning, searching, tormented, macabre  self. Now he has almost a zen-like acceptance of things as they are. What will be will be. All the world, at this point , seems to exist within a greater order-- perhaps an unknowable order, but an order nonetheless. The speech, while short, contains several rich paradoxes. First, Hamlet claims that there is rhyme and reason to the slightest events of the universe --there is "special providence in the fall of the sparrow."At the same time, he asserts that we know nothing of the world--"no man of aught he leaves knows." So all things are rich with meaning, yet we know not what such meaning might be. Thus Hamlet closes the play in a quiet and mysterious counter-poise with fate. He no longer attempts to understanding the unknowable, but accepts it as such ; indeed, he accepts unknowability as an inescapable condition of all existence. What good is it, then, to roil one's guts over future plans? On the contrary, not the action, but The readiness , is all.

Hamlet says," readiness is all " this line is touch in my heart I never forget it.

Q - 7 : If you are director, what changes would like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare's ' Hamlet'?

Yes, if i got a chance to make some changes in the movie i would like to make some changes .I would like to change in woman character. first I would like to make changes on Gertrude character.In the movie of Hamlet I can see that Gertrude was a very happy after death oh king hamlet. She was a remarried with her husband's brother Claudius. In my changes made Gertrude as a good Queen like a Queen of Sarabi.

There are many scene same in the movie "The Lion King" is a 2019 American musical film.Here we can see that the king Mufasa was killed by his brother Scar and than Scar become a king. He feel love for his brother's wife Sarabi. He tried to convince her for marry after king was died. But here Sarabi does't marry with him. She is presented as a good and brave queen. The same thing i would like to present in the movie of hamlet. I would like to present Gertrude as good and brave queen like a Sarabi and she does't marry again. Another thing i would like to shown Hamlet as a young prince of Denmark. As a hero he will be stronger than other character. 

We can see that Ophelia was also weak character in Kenneth Brangh's movie. I would like to present her as heroin and strong and brave girl who fight against wrong thing happen in her life.In the movie 'The Lion King' we can see that Simba' beloved is very brave heroin .

Q - 8 : What does the fallen status signifies ?

In the beginning of the movie, Camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet castle and the movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the king Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. This fall of statue symbolically represent the fall of the dynasty of the king Hamlet. The fall of the statue also signifies that at the end after death nothing remains, like a pride, rule, money destroy with the cycle of the mortal things. Perhaps Kenneth Branagh wants to say that 'Revenge' is not right moral answer . It was King Hamlet who wanted his murder to be avenged and thus the fall of his statue signifies the fall of an empire.

Q - 9 : While studying the play through movie, which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why ? Give reasons.

There are many approach applicable to the play but i would like to apply philosophical approach because we can see that  Hamlet is a student of philosophy.

We know that Hamlet is a philosopher and sharper minded. When Claudius alone while he was praying, at that time he had great opportunity to kill him he also try we can see above pic but he didn't it. He thought that if he would kill him while praying then his soul would go to the heaven which Hamlet never want. Here philosophical approach well applicable.

One more thing i would like to apply philosophical approach here. Hamlet also think a philosophical way.

" To Be Or Not To Be "

The first six words of the soliloquy establish a balance. There is a direct opposition - to be, or not to be. Hamlet is thinking about life and death and pondering a state of being versus a state of not being- being alive and being death. Click here to learn more about this philosophical question 'To be or not to be'. I think philosophical approach more applicable here.

Q - 10 : Which of the above approach ( in the pre-viewing task ) appeals you more than other? Why? give reason. 

Which of the all above approach i would like to appeals Psychological approach rather than other. Hamlet madness is also seeming as psychological mind of Hamlet. Hamlet's delay to take revenge is shows that he is victim of exssesive melancholy he could not do anything.

Norman n. Holland neatly summed up the both for Hamlet's delay and also four our three- hundred- year delay in comprehending Hamlet's true motives :

               Now what do critics mean when they say that Hamlet cannot

                  act because of his Oedipus complex? The argument is very sim-

                  ple, very elegant. One, people over the centuries have been

                  unable to say why Hamlet delays in killing the man who mur-

                 dered his father and married his mother. TWo, psychoanalytic

                 experience shows that every child wants to do just exactly that.

                 Three, Hamlet delays because he cannot punish Claudius for

                 doing what he himself wished to do as a child and, uncon-

                sciously, still wishes to do: he would be punishing himself. Four,

                the fact that this wish is unconscious explains why people could

                 not explain Hamlet's delay. 

The delay of revenge we can say that psychological mind of Hamlet.

Hamlet is a great tragedy by William Shakespeare. The movie Kenneth Brangh is such interesting . The character is well presented in the movie . I enjoyed the movie screening.

Thank you friends to read my blog ............

Post Truth : Sunday Reading

Sunday Reading task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Click here to know detaile about this task.

• Definition of  The Term Post - Truth :

The meaning of the term Post - Truth is that relating to a situation in which people are more likely to accept an argument based on their emotion and beliefs, rather than one based on fact. "In this era of post - truth politics, it's easy to cherry-pick data and come to whatever conclusion you desire"

• Post - Truth 

Post - Truth is a new word, it has been chosen as the word of the year for 2016 by the chosen as the word of the year for 2016 by the Oxford English Dictionary. Post- Truth is a compound word,which is a word comprised of two words joined together to create a new word with a new meaning of the term Post - Truth, where it comes from and some examples of its use in sentences.

Post-Truth describes a situation in which the important of actual facts is supplanted by appeals to emotion and personal prejudices in influencing public opinion. The prefix post -means after , though beginning in the 1970s it began to be use to designate a time when something becomes irrelevant . An example of this use is the word post-truth was popularized with the 2004 publication of the book The Post-Truth Era , written by Ralph Keyes. The term post-truth is most often used in the term Post-Truth Politics, a political philosophy which stresses emotion and personal prejudices over objective fact or specific policy. A related term is Post-Truth. 

• Examples : 

The Guardian Australia's Katharine Murphy put it this way : "We've been drifting,in increments, in the direction of post-truth, but the election of Trump is a headfirst pitch over the cliff."

We are witnessing the results of a widespread trend, summed up by the epithet "post-truth politics", that can be understood through studies of disinformation in Putin's Russia.

The election of an American president who routinely lies and the success of Brexit after a campaign full of falsehoods suggest we're in a post-Truth world, writes Roy Greenslade for The Guardian.

• Post-Truth and Philosophy : 

We live with truth all around us and yet some people readily embrace lies. Everywhere you turn among the academics and pundits, we constantly are fed a stream of rhetoric about how we live in a "post-truth" world. Somehow, as the narrative goes, we have given up on the notion that words can mirror reality.

There have been many attempts to define what "post-truth" actually is.some simply describe it as the new era where truth just doesn't matter or that people can spread lies without being called to task. however,it's more nuanced than that .

There is a term used in proposition logic called "truth value". I think this is term is important because it points to the root of what's wrong today in our discourse, whether it's a "debate" among pundits on cable show, arguments with relatives. When we have an opinion about a particular topic, we try to being correct . Without verifying those facts underpinning our viewpoint, one can find themselves defenseless position. Click here to learn more about post-truth and philosophy.

Everyone has different perspective to judge same things it is their opinion not fact. we have see the above image about opinion not a fact. 

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Metaphysical poetry

Here is my task on metaphysical poetry given by Dr. Dillip Barad Sir Head of English Department.

• METAPHYSICAL POETRY :

         

The term metaphysical or metaphysics in poetry is the fruit of renaissance tree, becoming over ripe and approaching pure science."META"means"beyond"and"Physics"means"Physical nature".Metaphysical poetry means poetry that goes beyond the physical world of the senses and explores the spiritual world .Metaphysical poetry began early in the JACOBEAN AGE in the last stage of the age of Shakespeare.

In the first half of the 17th century,a group of poets emerged who'es poetry is known as "THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY". Since John Donne was the pioneer of this group ,it is also known as THE SCHOOL OF JOHN DONNE .The other poet who followed footstep of John Donne were George Herbert , Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley and Robert Herrick .These poet try to followed the style of writing poetry which was initially cultivated by John Donne.

• Characteristic of Metaphysical poetry :

The metaphysical poetry has been extensively commented upon by Dr. Samuel Johnson . In his biographical work "THE LIVES" while writing about the life of couly .Dr. Johnson try to interpret The Metaphysical poetry and it's features.Jonson find's following feature in the metaphysical poetry of Donne and his school.

• Conscious Attempt  : 

All the metaphysical poets made a conscious attempt to differ in the style of writing poetry from the former poets .They were not whiling to continuous writing poetry in a same manner just like Shakespeare,Spencer,Philip Sydney,Christopher Marlowe and others.They wanted to make their poetry look different from the former poet.It was the conscious attempts to part with the exciting style writing poetry and to cultivate a new style.

critics find two reasons for then desire to differ from the former poet. The first reason is that they were fully aware of the fact that they would have been rejected had they continuous writing poetry in the same way. The invention of printing press help a lot in expanding education and literacy so people were also retrait  and it was then demand to have new kind of poetry.This demand of the people for a new type of poetry was served by metaphysical poetry.

All the metaphysical were literate and degree holder they wanted to exhibit then learning and scholarships and so they tried to differ from the former poets.

• Far Fetched Image : 

Far fetched images and conciets is one more feature of the metaphysical poetry. They never tried to use and express their images from that field with which the theme of the poetry was concerned.They tried to bring there images from those field which have nothing to do with the theme of there poems so they are called far fetched images.

In tried to bring there images from the branches and areas just like agriculture mechanical engineering , architecture ,biology Geometry and many other field which have nothing common with the theme of there poems.Such a practice drew attention of the readers and it made them establish poets Herbert borrowed image from architecture and mechanical engineering . The best example are "The church porch" and "The Pulley" marvell made use of Geometrical and agricultural images.The best example is "To His Coy Mistress" Donne made use almost all type of images in his poetry.This kind of practice was and experiment for them in which they successfully.

• Dramatic manner and direct tone of speech is one of the main characteristics of metaphysical poetry,In the starting line of the poem "The Canonization"-there are is given a dramatic starting -

"For God' sake hold your tongue , and let me love".

• Concentration is an important quality of metaphysical poetry in general and Donne's poetry is particular.In his all poems, the reader is held to one idea or line of argument. Donne's poems are brief and closely woven. In "The Extasie", the principle argument is that the function of man as a man is being worthily performed through different acts of love. He continues with the theme without digression. For example ,

"As 'twixt two equal armies, Fate 

Suspends uncertain victorie,

Our souls,(which to advance their state,

Were gone out,)hung 'twixt her and me".

• Wit is another characteristic of metaphysical poetry. So, here we find various allusion and images relating to practicality all areas of nature and art and learning to medicine, cosmology,contemporary discoveries, ancient myth, history, law and art .For instance, in "The Ecstacy", Donne uses the belief of the blood containing certain spirits which acts as intermediary between soul and body -

"As our blood labours to get

Spirits, as like souls, as it can,

Because such fingers need to knit

That subtle knot,which makes us man:"

In the same poem, the Ptolemaic system of astrology is also used when he says - 

"...We are

The intelligence, they the sphere."

• Usage of satire and irony is another characteristic of metaphysical poetry . Donne also uses this in his poems.For example, in "Canonization", there is subtle irony as he speaks of the favoured pursuits of people - the lust for wealth and favours.

"Take you a course, get you a place,

Observe his honour, or his Grace".

• Major Metaphysical Poets : 

1. John Donne
2. George Herbert
3. Andrew Marvell
4. Saint Robert Southwell
5. Richard Crashaw
6. Thomas Traheme
7. Henry Vaughan

• John Donne as metaphysical poet :

John Donne was the most original and the Father of the Metaphysical School of poetry . His poetry is revolutionary. His style is original.His images are personal. He replaces passion, sentiment and sensuality with wit, elegance and realistic tone. He also used hyperboles.

Donne's poems can be divided into three groups-

# Love Poems#

#Divine Sonnet#

#Satires#

In satires, Donne is highly witty and in love poems highly realistic. The first point which strikes a reader reading his love poetry is surprising directness of the speaking voice and diction;

"For God's sake hold your tongue and me love"

His love poetry is highly dramatic and it seems he is talking to his beloved and is never sentimental. His poem "The Sun Rising "is a highly colloquial in tone and dramatic in presentation. Similarly in "Sweetest Love I Do Not Go For Wearing Of Thee" has originality which comes out in the careful subtlety of the poem's argument.He was a conscious artist and avoids conventions,fluency of movement and courtliness of  diction.

• Metaphysical Poetry By John Donne : 

"The Sun Rising"

"Death Be Not Proud (Holy Sonnet)

"The Flea"

"The Dream"

"Sweetest Love,I Do Not Go"

"The Ecstacy"

# Sweetest Love , I Do Not Go #

"Sweetest Love I Do Not Go "analysis shows that it is from the collection of "Love Poem"of John Donne .In this poem, he is addressing to his wife Anne Moore. The theme of the poem is parting; therefor, the poet consoles his wife. Poet was departing for Europe in 1611. This poem is an expression of those feeling, which he has experienced when he wan away from his wife. Donne was gravely in love with her. It seems that she is unable to differentiate between parting and death. Death is also a kind of parting from near and dear ones;therefor,the situation of departing is also not different from death. However, the poet consoles his wife while saying that she should not become tearful and should face this situation. Click to read the actual poem on poetryfoundation .org.

# The Sun Rising #

"The Sun Rising" analysis shows that it is famous love  poem of John Donne from "Song and Sonnet". In fact, due to this beautiful poem , John Donne gained fame in the world of literature. The poem is entirely unexpected and unconventional, due to which readers have experienced a new kind of poetic wit. Many poets and critics have done analysis of "The Sun Rising"but none of them criticized it. Every poet,writer and critic appreciated the imagery,background,setting and style of the poem. One of the main reasons due to which this poem is famous is its start. It opens with abrupt colloquial dialogue. Moreover,it shocks the readers from its initial lines. Donne is famous for being unromantic, highly realistic and making witty remarks.
Click here to read the whole poem.

S. T. Coleridge has also done analysis of 'The Sun Rising". His comment are worth mentioning :

The poem is characterised by "true ,vigorous 

exultation, both soul and body in full nuisance."

• Andrew Marvell As A Metaphysical poet :

Andrew Marvell ,(born march 31,1621),Winestead, Yorkshire, England -died August 18, 1678,London), English poet whose political reputation overshadowed that of his poetry until the 20th century.He his now considered to be one of the best Metaphysical poets.

# To His Coy Mistress #

Andrew Marvell in his poem "To His Coy Mistress" demonstrates two characteristic of poetry we , today, categorize as metaphysical .

He uses stretched metaphors, for example . In part one of his syllogism, or logical argument designed to convince his target -a woman--to sleep with him , he is refers to their love as "vegetable love". The idea is that if they were immortal and could spend centuries in the wooing stage of love making, their love could grow as slow as a vegetable. The metaphor is stretched, of course. The slow growing rate of a vegetable is not normally compared to love growing .

Secondly ,Marvell display and revels in his wit and intelligence and learning. In the second part of his syllogism, in which he centers on the mortality of humans, he conclude with

The grave's a fine and private place,

But none, I think , do there embrace.

And later, in part three, he says that the lovers should be like "amorous birds of prey." The grave couplet demonstrates his wit and keeps the poem a little lighter than the morbid imagery might otherwise make it. The comparison of lovers to loving predators demonstrates both a stretched metaphor and wit. The stretched metaphor, the wit displayed, and, additionally, the carpe diem theme, mark Marvell as a metaphysical poet.

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Sunday Reading : Sairandhri by Vinod joshi

Sunday reading task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir.
                     
    

VINOD JOSHI (born 13 August 1955) is a Post - modern Gujarati poet ,writer and critic from Gujarat,India who has imbued refreshing rural life images mainly through portrayal of feminine sentiments in Gujarati literature .His notable works include Parantu, a collectionofGeets (lyrics poetry),

SHIKHANDI , a long narrative poem based on Shikhandi, a character from the Mahabharata(1985), Radio Natak: Swarup ane Siddhant (Radio Drama :from and Theory , an abridged Ph.D. thesis )(1986),Tundil-tundika, a form of padyavarta , a Gujarati medieval literary genre (1987) , and Zalar Vage Zoothadi, a collection of poems (1991).

Vinod Joshi received many awards,

                               

NOTABLE AWARD	Year
KAVISHWAR DALPATRAM AWARD	2013
2. SAHITYA GAURAV PURASKAR	2015
3. NARSINH MEHTA AWARD	2018
4. KALAPI AWARD	2018
5. UMASHANKAR JOSHI AWARD	1986
6. JAYANT PATHAK POETRY AWARD	1984
7. THE CRITICS AWARD	1986
8. THE ZAVERCHAND MEGHNI AWARD	2011

• Sairandhri: By Vinod Joshi 

Acclaimed for the elegant female sensibility in the sounds, rhymes and rhythm of his songs , Vinod Joshi talks to SBS Gujarati about 'SAIRANDHRI' his poem based on the character of DRAUPADI she is one of the character of Mahabharata .Vinod Joshi's recent publications "SAIRANDHRI"(2018) poem composed in prabhandh from with seven Cantos, 49 chapter and 1800 lines.And it is based on Draopadi character of Hindu epic Mahabharata. Here poet tried to explain Draopadi's feeling and thought . As a part of languages poet used figurative language ,personification , meter,chopai and Dohra in Sairandhri .Poet also used Sringara rasa in the poem Sairandhri.

This poem based on Mahabharata . In Mahabharata one part of 'VIRAT PARVAS' .It's call 'Agnat Vas' which living into hidden from and without self-sameness wherever.Here question is that what's purpose of remaining in the hidden way? Draupadi was daughter of the king Drupad who is the king of paanchal. She known with various name into the Mahabharata like as Krishna ,Yagnaseni , Panchali..etc There are many story and problem responsible behind her name . But here vinod Joshi's sairandhari is differ from Mahabharata .Here vinod joshi presented draupadi as a lover of Karna.

• 'Sairandhri 'is a poem of lost identity

              

Vinod joshi told that his Draopadi is differ from Mahabharata's Draopadi. He create imaginary character of Draopadi or Sairandgri in his poem .Vinod Joshi told about Sairandhari had losted her real identity .Sairandhri had not proper one identity She played vital role in Mahabharata without one certain identity .She loss her identity with sacrifice of body for five Pandavas .In the Mahabharata she don't raise question for her identity who has not freedom to express her own desire .She can not protect herself with praise . In the Mahabharata's sairandhri was not alone she was always with Pandavas and Krishna while here poet's imagination in his poem Sairandhri is alone nobody with her and she free for everything .In this poem she is powerful women describe by vinod joshi .This poem explain about one woman condition,emotions, and feelings.

In the poem poet present different way interpreted love story of Sairandhari and Karna rather than Mahabharata's story. In this poem poet presented that she chose Karna for marriage not Arjuna. Arjuna is a second choice.when sairendhri first time see the Karna in સ્વયંવર the huge image of Karna raise in Sairandhri's mind,

વક્ષ  વિશાળ ભુજા  બળશાળી 
નેત્ર વિધુત ચમક નિહાળી
તક્ષ ક્ષણ મોહિત થઈ પાંચાલી 
વરણ કરી નિજ મનમાં માલી
સવૅ નૃપાલ સ્વયંવર માણે 
હતો કણૅ નિરહે દુ:ખ જાણે
સ્થાન હતું એને મન ઉતમ
કરવા કોઈ અનન્ય પરાક્રમ
દુષ્ટિ સહેજ સ્પર્શી ને સરકી
પાંચાલી નખશીખ ગઈ ધરકી
રહિ બાહુબલી નર ને જોતી
તરત પરોયા મનમા મોતિ......

Karna was brave man although he had hidden his ownership.He lost his identity. Poet's one object of the create poem is that woman has to power to fight without hesitation.

• Reference : 

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Joshi
https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/sairandhri-is-a-poem-of-lost-identity


  Thank you for read my blog.......