Assignment paper no.4 : Myths and Reality in Kanthapura

Assignment

Topic : Blend of Myths and Reality : A study of Raja                                   Rao’s Kanthapura  

Name  : Pina Gondaliya 

Roll No : 25

Enrollment No:2069108420200012

Course : 4 Indian Writing in English 

Email ID: pinagondaliya09@gmail.com 

Submitted to : English Department MKB University 

Raja Rao   : 

Raja Rao was Indian novelist writing in English during the middle decades of the 20th century. He was born 8 November,1908 in India. Raja Rao’s writings is a certain meditative quality which distinguishes him considerably from most other Indian English writers. His first novel Kanthapura , is in a largely realist  vein. It describes a village and its residents in southern india. The story narrator by older women. The novel explores the effects of India’s independence movement. Kanthapura is best known novel , a specially outside India. 

Raja  Rao is a leading English- language Indian author who is best known for his novels in which he examines the metaphysical themes by involving characters with divese ideas, outlooks and backgrounds. As these individuals establish relationships they are prompted to compare and reexamine their personal, political, spiritual and cultural values and through them Rao frequently contrasts Indian philosophy and spiritualism with Western society’s  emphasis on dualism and rationalism. 

Myth and Reality : 

Kanthapura , a regional novel expanded into Sthala-purana and a microcosm of Indian. It is Indian inits theme myths, images, narration and style. The theme of Kanthapura is concerned with the impact of Gandhi on the religious, social,economic and political life of a quite obscure village of south India,called like child on its mother’slap.It is shows how the clarion-call of Gandhi turns thousands of youths into soldiers against the rule of england, shouting, clamouring and struggling for the emancipationof their motherland from the shackles of slavery. It shows how the Red-men exploited India for their own good and carry it across the seven seas,making the over-brimming “granaries as empty as a mourning house”, and how the middle men swindle the farmers with their gaping sacks. It shows that how the priests and the swamis misuse religion for their own comfort, alienate man from man and preserve cobwebs of ignorance and how religion steers life and sustains it in straits.It shows how the society is split into pieces: the Brhamin keeps the pariah at arm’s length; it shows  how the society is afflicted with the dowry system, human boundage, maltreatment of the widows, drinking, corruption, untouchability and resentment against co-education.

What is interesting is the world of Kanthapura that the novelist creates with all its natural setting. The novelist glues the readers right from the beginning. 

Story is narrated against the background of an Indian with their distinct Indian traits and Indian sensibility close contact with nature,  betraying a distinctive sensibility. Indian sensibility is essentially religious and politics gets spiritualised. India's most important political leaders and social reformers have all been great figures and social and political ends have been in the guise of religion. There are at least three strands of experience in the political, the religious and the social. 

Kanthapura is a microcosm of the Indian society with division of people into castes,  untouchability, poverty, exploitation by usurers and foreign rulers and ruthless tyranny at their hands. 

The divisions of the village into the Brahmin quarters, the Potter quarters and so on speak of the age-long cast system and untouchability; the size and shape of the quarters speak about the prosperity of the few and the poverty of the many. If the people are exploited by the petty shopkeepers, they are fleeced and torture by the big shopkeepers. 

The Indian sensibility Finds further expression in the use of myths and rituals. The central myth of Kanthapura is of rama-sita-ravana, which is used to illustrate the fight between Mahatma Gandhi and the British. Siva is the three eyed god, so is Swaraj. Parvati wooded and won Siva through penances, so does Gandhi, endeavour to attain independence through penances, so does Gandhi, endeavour to attain independence through ordeals. Independence is like sita sullied at the hands of Ravana and Gandhi, like Ram, strives to regain her. Gandhi is Rama, jawaharlsl Nehru is Bharata. Further, the Mahatma is like Lord Krishna, precious child, with a band of followers; Krishna began fighting at the age of four and fought against the demon and the serpent Kali. Gandhi tries to slay the serpent of the foreign rule. Even moorthy sees Lord Krishna safe on the pipal leaf and Prahlad safe through fire. Moorthy is Rama and Seenu, Lakhsman. The agent of the Swami also uses the concept of Ram-Raiya and of the rule of ten - headed Ravina. 

Kanthapura, though not a mature and spiritually satisfying work from Raja Rao's point of view is one of the most remarkable novel in English because of its distinctive treatment of thoughts content from and expression. It reveals Raja Rao's social and political preoccupations which he shared with the writers of the thirties. The novel is a confident affirmation of the integrity of English as the Indian Fiction writer's medium. To evolve a whole new whole new way of articulation in English and to maintain it consistently through an action-filled drama speaks of the advanced level of language naturalisation. It's like setting a test for a claim to use English for expressing Indian sensibility. The theme as it is developed provides but poor occasion for Philosophic speculation or for reflecting on the acts of mind. 

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Assignment Paper no. 3 : Coleridge's Views on Poem, Prose and Poetry

Assignment



Name : Pina Gondaliya
Sem : 1
Roll No : 25
Enrollment No : 2069108420200012
Paper No : 3 Literary Criticism and Theory
Submitted To : Department of English
MKB university

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge :

Samuel Coleridge was Pre-Victorian Author. He was born in Devonshire. He was youngest of 14 children. His father was the parish vicar, died in1781 just before Coleridge’s ninth birthday. He was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologigian. He became close friend to William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy, who moved to Alfoxden in 1797 to be near the Coleriges at Nether Stowey, and the two poets planned Lyrical Ballads, which appeared in 1798. Coleridge best known poems are “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and Kubla Khan”, the latter of which was reportedly written under the influence of opium.

• What is Poetry ?

Poetry is a form of literature based on words and rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter. In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds, image, and ideas that might be too complex or abstract to describe directly. Poetry wriiten acy do not cording to srict rules of rhyme and rules and each culture had its own rules. Ancient poet follows this rules but todays,modern poets frequentl do away with with rules altogether their poems generallryyme, and do not fit any particular meter. Poetry is probably the oldest of literature, and probably predates the origin of writin itself. Poetry can be written with all the same purooses as other form of literature like a beauty, humor, storytelling, political messges etc.......

• Coleridge views on poetry :

Coleridge says that the poetry is a wider than poem, it brings the whole soul of the man. Poetry of the highest kind may exist without meter and even without the contra-distinguishing object of a poem. Poetry is a art of creating a poem activity of poets mind.

Poetry, according to Coleridge, is the product of imagination working on the objects of life and nature. It is an activity of imagination, idealizing the real and realising the ideal. As colours are to the art of painting, words are to the art of writing poetry. Again, as the combination of colors decide the pattern and quality of painting, so the arrangement of words aesthetically expressing the emotions and thoughts of the power decide the pattern an quality of poetry. But words arranged in the pattern of rhyme alone would not make poetry. The following lines, for example, have rhyming ending, but they do not make poetry:

"Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November."

The real soul of poetry lies in its power of expressing and arousing emotions. However, rhyme and rhythm add to the charm and pleasure of poetry. He says, "As a particular pleasure is found in anticipating the recurrence of sounds and quantities, all compositions that have this charm super-added, whatever be their contents, may be entitled poems. But mere meter and rhyme, without imagination and emotion for their bases would not make poetry. But it should be remembered that pleasure, and not truth is the immediate end of poetry. He does not believe that moral preaching is the ultimate end of poetry. It is true that metrical form of composition has more charm and pleasure. But they are merely apparel, and not the soul of poetry.
Coleridge points out that ,

“Poetry of highest kind may exists without meter and even without the contradistinction object of a poem”. He gives example of the writings of Plato,Taylor and bible.

Poetry for Coleridge is an activity of poet is mind importance of secondary imagination.
David Daiches points out, ‘poetry’ for Coleridge is a wider category than a “poem”; that is, poetry is
a kind of activity which can be engaged in by painters or philosopher or scientist and is not confident to those who employ metrical language , or even to those who employ language of any kind. Poetry, in this larger sense, brings, ‘The whole soul of man; into activity, with each faculty playing its proper part according to its ‘relative worth and dignity’.

• What is Poem :

Poem is one of the form of literature. A poem is collection of spoken or written words that expresses ideas or emotions in a powerfully vivid and imaginative style. A poem compose on sone particular rhythmic and metrical pattern. Writers or poets expreess their emotions through their poem. The form of poem divided in to various kind. Like a free verse, Epic, Ballad, Sonnet and Elegy.

• Colridge viwes on poem :

Poem is form of poetry. Poem is a writing which has melody, meter and rhyme, while poetry without any meter and rhyme, can directly be connected with heart of poet or reader.
Defination of poem according to Colridge,

“A Poem is that species of composition which is opposed to works of science, by proposing for its immediate object pleasure, not truth”.

Poem is a nature function as Colridge explaining his idea and view towards by rhyme and that took place as golden shield. A poem, therfore, may be defined as, that species of composition, which is opposed to works of science, by proposing for its immediated by proposing to itself such delight from the whole, as is compatible with a distinct gratification from each component part.

Thus, according to Coleridge, the poem is distinguished form prose compositions by its immediate object. The immediate object of prose is to give truth and that of poem is to please. He again distinguishes those prose compositions (romance and novels) from poem whose object is similar to poem i.e. to please. He calls this poem a legitimate poem and defines it as, “it must be one, the parts of which mutually support and explain each other; all in their proportion harmonizing with, and supporting the purpose and known influences of metrical arrangement”. Therefore, the legitimate poem is a composition in which the rhyme and the metre bear an organic relation to the total work. While reading this sort of poem “the reader should be carried forward, not merely or chiefly by the mechanical impulse of curiosity or by a res. The poem contains the same elements as a prose composition. But the difference is between the combination of those elements and objects aimed at in both the composition.

“In Imaginative power and Narrative Skills, Coleridge surpassed Wordsworth”
According to the difference of the object will be the difference of the combination.If the object of the poet may simply be to facilitate the memory to recollect (remember) certain facts, he would make use of certain artificial arrangement of words with the help of metre. As a result composition will be a poem, merely because it is distinguished from composition in prose by metre, or by rhyme.

Rhyme:


Most traditional poems use rhyme as a basic device for holding the poem together. Rhyme is the agreement in sound between words or syllables. The best way to think of rhyme is not as a series of lock stepping sound effects but as a system of echoes. Poets use rhyme to recall earlier words, to emphasize certain points, and to make their language memorable. In fact, rhymes can be extremely effective in making language take hold in a reader’s mind tless desire to arrive at the final solution; but by the pleasurable activity of mind excited by the attractions of the journey itself”. Here Coleridge asserts the importance of the impression created by the harmonious whole of the poem. To him, not one or other part but the entire effect, the journey of reading poem should be pleasurable. Thus Coleridge puts an end to the age old controversy whether the end of poem is instruction or delight. Its aim is definitely to give pleasure, and further poem has its own distinctive pleasure, pleasure arising from the parts, and this pleasure of the parts supports and increases the pleasure of the wholel.

• Poem and Prose :

Poem is something which written by the use of meter, rhyme, diction etc, and prose is something which written unrhyme. Meter and rhyme etc are use in prose.
The immediate object of poem is ‘Pleasure’, not truth but sometimes poem may be gave truth as ultimate object.
The proe work like scientific and historical composition, the immediate purpose of prose is the communication of “Truth”. Other prose works like novels, to give pleasure is immediate aim and the ultimate end may be to give truth.
Coleridge’s views of poem and prose and he says that ;
“I wish our cleaver young poets would remember my homely definition of prose and poem; that is ,
“prose- words in their best order;
poem- the best words in the best order.”

Reference :

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1phy7XakQq661GgSbK_9bsi-PDn3r-aW3DFXZTxWpVJE/mobilebasic

Assignment Paper no 2 : Anti-Sentimental Comedy

Assignment   

Name              : Pina Gondaliya

Course            : M.A. Sem – 1 

Paper no         : 2 The Neoclassical Literature 

Topic              : Characteristics of Anti-Sentimental Comedy
with reference to “She Stoops To Conquer”

Email id          : Pinagondaliya09@gmail.com 

Enrollment no : 2069108420200012

Submitted to   : Smt.S.B. Gardi Department of English   
          M.K.University.

Introduction :

First we look at how the word of comedy is drive. The word
“Comedy” IS derived from the French word comedie,which in turn
is taken from the Greeco-Latin word Comedia. The word comedia
is made of two words Komos, which means that revel and aiden
means to sing.

Definition of comedy :

According to the Oxford Dictionary, comedy means is a branch of
drama, which deals with everyday life and humorous events. It
means that a play of light and amusing type of theatre. Generally we
can defined  Comedy as a play with a happy ending. The most
important function of comedy is to provide pleasure and
entertainment to the readers. The reader is forced to laugh at the
follies of various characters in the comedy. 

            


 
                                   



            

Sentimental Comedy	Anti-Sentimental Comedy
Sentimental comedy is weeping comedy . Evoking of emotion. Sentimental Comedy in middle class character. In the play almost character are good  Nearer to tragedy  Best known sentimental comedy of Richards Steels , “ The Conscious Lover” “ School for Scandal” in the use of three type of irony.	Anti-Sentimental Comedy is laughing Comedy. Evoking of people vulgarity. Anti-Sentimental Comedy is High class people come . In the play character almost Sophisticated and arrogant. Nearer to comedy Best known Anti-Sentimental comedy of Sheridhan , “The Rivals” “She Stoops to Conquer” In the three elements that are existed in the sentimental play.

  Sentimental and Anti-sentimental comedy is written by Goldsmith and Sheridan. The sentimental comedy of 18th century was against the comedy of manners. Sentimental comedy is kind of comedy that achieved some popularity with respectable middle class audience in 18th century.We can say that Anti-sentimental comedy is reaction against sentimental comedy.Generally the Anti-sentimental comedy focuses on major character as lover and it is divided into subplot like the dramatic way and the relations with the pathos.

Anti-Sentimental  comedy :

Above we see that Anti-sentimental comedy is a reaction against sentimental comedy. The comedy of humour which goldsmith and Sheridan cultivate in eighteenth century was the reaction against the sentimental comedy of Clibber, Stheel, Kelly. Goldsmith opposed sentimental comedy because it place of laughter and humour. So, this way is new and success output in Anti-sentimental comedy, it takes old forms of    manner, which is also called, generally for Anti-sentimental comedy.

Anti- Sentimental Comedy is going to old forms, it is a low force, situational humour. It is high polished in restoration comedy. It is a kind of comedy representing complex and sophisticated code of behaviour current in fashionable circles of society, where appearance counts for more character. Its plot usually revolves around intrigues of lust and greed, the self-interested cynicism of the characters being masked by decorous preteens. 

Anti-Sentimental Comedy is comedy of manners less the vulgarity and profanity. We know that it deals with the relation and intrigues and many more things.

Characteristics of Anti-Sentimental Comedy :

Characteristics of Anti-Sentimental Comedy

Amusing intrigues and situations Satirical comedy  Marriage for love and money Wit of language and verbal dialogue  Face and disguise  Emotions have boundaries

Here we can see some characteristics of Anti-sentimental comedy. Anti-sentimental comedy includes wit, laughter,farce, irony, disguise. Let we see the characteristic in brief.

Wit is a form intelligent humour, the ability  to say or write things that are clever and usually funny. Author choose words very clearly which produce fun. Laughter is the soul of comedy and the main function of comedy is to give laughter which Anti-sentimental comedy fulfills but not sentimental comedy. The third characteristic of Anti-sentimental comedy is farce. The main aim of farce comedy is that entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated. While the irony is the usage of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning which helps to create laughter. 

The last characteristic is disguise which used in Anti-sentimental comedy as an important tool. It is something like to modify the manner or appearance of a person through wig, glasses, makeup,costume or other ways. 

Now let us we see the “She stoops to conquer by Oliver Goldsmith .

She Stoops to Conquer  by Oliver Goldsmith :  

Oliver Goldsmith was undoubtedly a Irish novelist , Author and famous playwright. He took up several menial jobs before hitting it right being a hack writer for a publisher in london. He is reckoned till date are “ The vicar of wakefield”, “The Deserted village”, Good natured Man”, and “She stoops to conquer”. This play was first performed in London in 1773. It has been adapted into a film several times and also has title “ Mistakes of a night”. First performed in London in 1773.

Character of this play : 

First we see tha main and minor characters of this play .

Charles Marlow : Charles marlow is son of Sir Charles marlow and
protagonist of the play. He was a lover of kate hardcastle.

Mr Hardcastle     : Mr Hardcastle is the main character of the play
,who is the father of miss kate castle.     He loves all old things, like
old manner,old friends, old rules and old clothes etc. 

Mrs Hardcastle   : Mrs. Hardcastle is wife of mr hardcastle. We can
say that mrs. Hardcastle is a very greedy woman and highly
fashionable. 

Miss Kate castle   : miss kate castle is a daughter of Mr. Hardcastle.
She is close to her father. Her father loves to old things so she
wearing a simple old fashioned clothes. She is beloved of marlow.

Tom Lumkin        : Tom is son of mrs. Hardcastle from her first
husband. He misbehave with his second father mr. Hardcastle. 

Hasting :      Hasting is friend of marlow and lover of constance.

Constance  : Constance is a niece of Mr. Hadcastle and beloved of
hasting. 

Sir Charles Marlow : He is a friend of mr. Hardcastle and father of
marlow. 

Summery  : 

She Stoops to conquer is a Anti-sentimental comedy satire against
sentimental comedy. Goldsmith wanted to criticise sentimental
comedy of Richard Steel in his contemporary era. So , he wrote
“She Stoops to conquer” his second play as an example of pure
comedy, anti-sentimental comedy. “She stoops to conquer” is the
best example of anti-sentimental comedy not only because it has
characteristic and element of Anti-sentimentalism comedy but also it
has spirit of anti-sentimentalism which we can easily find in
Goldsmith’s play. 

She stoops to conquer play starts with Sir charles marlow arranged
the meeting between kate, and his son Charles marlow.
Mr. Hardcastle wants to his daughter’s marriage with his friend’s
son charles marlow. Now marlow and his freind hasting come to
meet kate but at night they goes to the elehouse named three jolly
pigeons at there they meet tony lumpkin who is step-son of
mr. Hardcastle. Marlow asked him about house of Mr. Hardcastle
but Tony is very mischievous he told morlow that they are very far
from their destination and they should stay at near inn and the inn
which he shows is the house of Mr. Hardcastle. 

Marlow and hasting goes to Mr. Hardcastle’s house but they don’t
aware about the house of Mr. Hardcastle they misunderstand it as an
inn and marlow treat lower class people very badly. Marlow very
badly behave with Mr. Hardcastle. Kate comes to know about the
trick of tony and she wants to know the real character of marlow so
she disguise herself as bar-maid. They both fall in love with each
other. There is also a sub-plot of love between hasting and
constance they both make plan to elope, but constance refuse it
because she wants her jewels which her aunt keep it. Mrs. Hardcastle
wants that she marry her son Tony because she wants to keep that
jewels in family, but Tony didn't want to marry with constance so
he helps constance to take jewels from his mother and at the end sir
charles marlow comes and solves all mistakes. 

We can say that ‘She stoops to conquer’ is a best example of
anti-sentimental comedy. We find all the characteristics of
anti-sentimental comedy in this play.  

1. Amusing intrigue and situation

We can see the first characteristic of anti-sentimental comedy
intrigue and situation in the play of She stoops to conquer.
Tony lumpkins creates intrigues in this play. His tricks against
marlow and hastings. This tracks are the main source of wit and
humor. We can see that Tony's intrigues give motion to drama.
He introduced Mr. Hardcastle’s house as an inn and Mr. Hardcastle
as an innkeeper. This tricks contributes a lot to the comic impression
of the play. There is one more trick played by tony and miss.
Constance is an orphan and live with her aunt. Mrs. Hardcastle wants
that tony marry constance because she has a jewel box.
But constance loves hastings. Tony comes to know that constance
and hastings love each other. Then Tony still jewels box from his
mother and help constance and hastings to runaway.

2. Satirical Comedy and Irony :

The second characteristic of Anti-sentimental comedy is a Satire and
Irony, we can also see in this play. We found satire on class conflict
in this play .Marlow is satirized as an english preoccupation and
emphasis on class distinction. He is not comfortable with polite
class but he is comfortable with barmaids. He wants to be able to
when she meets her for marriage but he can easily able to talk when
she comes as servant . Irony can also find in the play. When she
talks of mrs. Hardcastle with hastings about high society in london.

3. Marriage for Love and Marriage for Money :

Marriage for love and marriage for money is one another
characteristic of the anti-sentimental comedy. We can see this
characteristic in this play. We can say that Mrs. Hardcastle is a very
greedy woman. She loves money and jewels. Mrs. Hardcastle wants
to his son’s marry constance because she has some jewels of miss
constance. But constance love with hastings and tom also help them.
Mrs. Hardcastle wants constance marry her son because of that
jewel box. So, here we can say that money is the reason of marriage.
Other side constance marry hastings because they love each other.
The marriage of kate and marlow because of love. So, here we find
both love for marriage and love for money.

4. Wit of Language and verbal dialogue :

In act 3 we find that tony and hastings are talking about the Jewels.
Tony steal jewell and passes on them. And then speak,

“Ask me a question and I’ll tell you no fibs”

The meaning of the line is if one asks a strange or nonsensical
question the listener will probably respond with a similar strange
or nonsensical answer.  We can see here wit of language and verbal
dialogue.

To sum up : 

Goldsmith writes very few Anti-sentimental comedy but whatever
he contribute its great and still has the same value and because of
their efforts the comedy which is more like tragedy names
sentimental comedy lost its name and weeping comedy is gone and
true comedy which provides laughter to audience is become famous.