I.A.Richards : Verbal analysis

Hello Readers! 

This is my academic blog on thinking Activity of I. A. Richards  verbal analysis. This task given by Dr.  Dilip Barad head of English department.

I. A. Richards 

I. A. Richard was a pioneer in the

domain of new criticism. I. A.

Richard  one of the famous English critic, poet and teacher who was highly influential in developing a new way of reading poetry that led to the new criticism and that also influenced some forms of reader response criticism. Richard was born in Cheshire and educated at Cambridge university's Magdalene college.

His path breaking works:
1.The meaning of Meaning -1923
2. The principles of Literary criticism
3. The practical criticism 1929 

There are three objective to wrote 1. To introduce new kind of documentation. 2. To provide new technique. 3. To prepare a new way for education method. In his work he discuss about figurative language as well as metaphorical language which was an orthodox of close textual and verbal study and analysis of work of art. 

• Four kinds of meaning :

1. Sense : 

                   Sense is what is said, or the 'items' refers to by a writer.

2. Feeling :  

                    It refers to emotional attitudes, will,desire, pleasure, displeasure and the rest. When we say something we have a feeling about it, "an attitude towards it, some personal flavour or colouring of feeling." Words express "these feelings, these nuances of interest."

3.  Tone : 

                Tone is the writer's attitude to his readers or audience. The use of language is determined by the writer's 'recognition'  of his relation to his readers. 

4. Intention : 

                       Intention is the writer's aim, which may be conscious or unconscious. It refers to the effect  that he tries to produce. This purpose modifies the expression. It controls the emphasis, shapes the arrangement, or draws attention to something of importance. 

I.A . Richards views on language of poetry

• Four Types of misunderstanding : 

1. Misunderstanding of the sense of poetry
2. Over literal reading, prosaic reading
3. Defective scholarship 
4. Difference in meaning of words in poetry and prose.

• Verbal Analysis of poem :

Suraj Hua MaddhamSonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik,

 ...Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga...

Suraj Hua Maddham, 

Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga...

Main Thehra Raha,

 Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Oh, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Ho Oh Oh, Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh,

 Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa

Suraj Hua Maddham,

 Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga

Main Thehri Rahi,

 Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Hai Khoobsurat Yeh Pal, 

Sab Kuch Raha Hai Badal

Sapne Haqeeqat Mein Jo Dhal Rahe Hai

Kya Sadiyon Se Puraana 

Hai Rishtaa Yeh Hamaara

Ke Jis Tarha Tumse 

Hum Mil Rahe HaiYunhi 

Rahe Har Dam Pyaar Ka Mausam

Yunhi Milo Humse Tum Janam 

JanamMain Thehra Raha, 

Zameen Chalne Lagi

La La La, La La La, La La La

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Tere Hi Rang Se 

Yun Main To Rangeen Hoon SanamPaake Tujhe Khud Se Hi Kho Rahi Hoon Sanam

O Maahiya, Ve Tere Ishq MeinHaan Doobke Paar Main Ho Rahi Hoon

 SanamSaagar Hua Pyaasa, 

Raat Jagne Lagi

Sholo Ke Dil Mein Bhi Aag Jalne Lagi

Main Thehri Lagi, 

Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil,

 Saans Thamne Lagi

Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

SajnaKya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Suraj Hua Maddham

Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai

Kyoon Pighalne Laga

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

It  is very song we can see that writer use metaphoric language. Moon, sky, land etc uses of metaphor for express lover's feeling.  
How can Moon burn? How can Sky melt? How can Land walk? It is impossible but writer used metaphoric language. In this song we can find feelings of lovers to each other. Writer try to show lover's feelings through metaphors.

Lovers feel that in love, all things are not as it is but all things are changed. And they can find that all things are beautiful in love. They can also feel that their dreams are changed in reality. They have also a question in their mind that, is their relationship since before long long ago? They want to meet in all born. 

Beloved tells that she follows her lover. She lost her self behind her lover. 

How can sea thrust? How can night awake? 

Here, writer used personification very well. And also asked many questions in this song.

Feminism : Elaine Showalter and GayatrI Spivak

Hello Readers! 

This blog is about the views on feminism by showalter and Gayatri  spivak. Click here to know more about Elaine showalter.

Elaine Showalter :

Elaine Showalter, American literary critic and teacher and founder of gynocritics. She developed the concept of "gynocritics" and practised it through her life career. She, beings a specialized in Victoria literature, wrote on Pre-Victorian, Victorian, and modern female writers observing their social, cultural, religious and financial status in their own periods. She is well known and respected in both academic and popular cultural fields.


Feminist Criticism : Elaine Showalter 

Showalter is concerned by stereotypes of feminism that see feminist critics as being 'obsessed with phallus' and ' obsessed with destroying male artists'. Showalter wonders if such stereotypes emerged from the fact that feminism lacks a fully articulated theory.

In Toward a Feminist pietics Showalter divides feminist criticism into two sections :

1. The woman as Reader or feminist critique
2. The woman as Writer or Gynocritics.     Showalter traces the history of women's literature, suggesting that it can be divided into three phases :

1. The Feminine phase(1840-1880):
2. The Feminist phase (1880-1920)
3. The Female phase  1920-)

Showalter views on feminist poetics are intelligent, largely devoid of rhetorical extremities, and confidently provocative. Showalter speaks with calmly convincing authority, as one who firmly believes in the verity of what she's saying. She is both earnest, in that she sees change needing to occur immediately, and patient, in that she expects that, given time enough, the wisdom and truth of her cause will prevail.

Gayatri Chakravorty

Gayatri Chakravorty,  Indian literary theorists, feminist critic, Postcolonial theorist, and professor of comparative literature noted for her personal brand of deconstructive criticism, which she called criticism, which she called "interventionist."

An extraordinary criticism of the dangers of trying to talk for those who have no voice in society. Why?  Because it is extremely hard to truly understand what you have only heard about,  and not experienced.

"Can the subaltern speek ?"

A Macat Analysis of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's "Can the Subaltern speak? " -  one of the most important essays in the field of psychological studies ever written.


Postcolonialism is the study of the detritus of empire the after effects of the colonial era. It looks at the effects that colonialism had on colonised peoples.

Gayatri Chakravorty spivaka wrote her essay can the subaltern speak?  In 1988 to survey the products of what was then a new academic study she wondered hoe well Postcolonialism had been able to understand and give voice to the colonised, especially the least powerful groups -those she calls "Subaltern". Her essay criticized much of the work done by mostly white, mostly male, western academics.


Thank you...

Thinking Activity : Cultural studies unit 2

Hello Readers! 

This is my academic blog on thinking Activity of cultural studies unit 2 five types of cultural studies. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad head of English department. 

Five types of cultural studies 

Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern society, with an emphasis on politics and power. Cultural studies is an umbrella term used to look at a number of different subject. Categoeries studied include media studies including film and journalism, sociology, industrial culture, globalization and social theory. To pursue cultural studies is to try to decipher the world that we live in. 

1. British cultural Materialism 
2. New Historicism 
3. American Multiculturalism 

• African American writers
• Latina writers 
• American Indian literature 
• Asian American writers

4. Postmodernism and popular.                 culture 

5. Post-colonial studies 

Q : 1   What is your understanding about British cultural Materialism? 

Cultural studies is referred to as "Cultural materialism" in Britain, and it has a long tradition. In the later nineteenth century Matthew Arnold sought to redefine the "givens" of British cultural. Edward Burnett Taylor's pioneering anthropological study Primitive Culture argued that "Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ".

Q : 2  What is contribution of Michael Foucault in new historicism? 

From Foucault,  new historicists developed the idea of a broad "totalizing" function of culture observable in its literary texts, which Foucault called the episteme. For Foucault history was not the working out of "universal" ideas: because we  cannot know the governing ideas of the past or the present, we should not Imagine that "we" even have a center" for mapping the "real. "

Q : 3  How can new historicists help in answering the question raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver Travels? 

In "The Flying Island and Female Anatomy : Gynaecology and power in Gulliver's Travels ," Susan Bruce offers a reading of Book III that makes some new historicist sense out of swift's use of Laputa.  Bruce examines a four -volume commentary on Gulliver's Travels by one Corolini di Marco,  in which the author gives a fairly dry account of his observations until he gets to the episode in Book IV, " A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms, " in which Gulliver captures rabbits for food. 

 Q : 4 Exemplify four types of analysis of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts.

There are four main types of popular culture analysis :

1. Production Analysis 

Production analysis ask the following kinds of questions : 

Who owns the media? 

Who creates texts and why? 

Under what constraints? 

How democratic or elitist is the production of popular culture? 

What about works written only for money ? Etc.. 

2. Textual Analysis 

Textual analysis examines how specific works of popular culture create meanings.

3. Audience Analysis 

Audience analysis asks how different groups of popular culture consumers, or users, make similar or different sense of the same texts. 

4. Historical Analysis

Historical analysis investigates how these other three dimensions change over time. 

Q : 5  Difference between modernism and postmodernism. 

Modernism was based on using rational, logical ways to gain knowledge, while postmodernism denied the application of logical thinking. In modernism, art and literary works were considered as unique creations of the artists. Authors were serious about the purpose of producing art and literary works.


     Thank you...