Future of Postcolonial Studies: Globalization and Environmentalism

Hello Readers!

Welcome to my blog.  Now I'm going to write about the Future of Postcolonial Studies. Globalization and Environmentalism. In which we have to task about read both articles and after that summarize articles and include important Quote and give examples.  For reading Articles You can click here  Future of Postcolonial Studies. Globalization and Environmentalism.

 Q-1 : Summarize both Articles and includes importance quotes from bith articles. 

Ans:

Summary of Article one 'Globalization and The Future of Postcolonial Studies'.

Since the event of 11 September 2001, the attack on WTC TOWERS and  US invasion of Afghanistan and Irag. At the same time these violent event are also  part of the phenomenon. We think of as globalization. Globalization, they argue cannot be analysed using concepts like margins and centers so central to postcolonial studies. Hardt and Negri do not identify the United States ad this new power, although they do argu that 'Empire is born through the global expansion of the internal US constitutional project', a project which to include and incorporate minorities into the mainstream rather than simply expel or exclude them.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire  : 

"argues that the contemporary global order has produced a new form of sovereignty which should be called 'Empire' but which is best understood in 'contrast' to European empires."

This best defines the new Empire in contrast to European imperialism: 

"In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers."

Susie O'Brien and Imre Szeman believe that characterizing US political and cultural power as a global dominant detracts From a more thorough examination of sites and modalities of power in the global era. The colonized of today are given little place in the book's sprawling thesis about multitudes, biolpolitical control, and the Creation of alternative values. Globalization neo-liberal advocates who argue that the global mobility of capital, industries, workers, goods and consumers dissolves earlier hierarchies and inequities, democratises nations and the relations between nations and creatures new opportunities which percolate down in some from or another to every section of society. 

There is no doubt that globalization has made information and technology more widely available, and has brought economic prosperity to certain new sections of the world. Globalization is just another name for submissions and domination', Nicanord apaza, 46, an unemployed miner.

North Korea and India 's nuclear programmes are developed in defiance of the US, anf challenge the right of few powerful  nations to dictate to the rest of the world, but nuclear proliferation can hardly be seen as progressive in any way.

The resistance to globalization, moreover, often takes very local shape and involves struggles against national authorities, as in the case of Narmada Bachao Andolan in India, which has been protesting the Narmada Valley Development project to build scores of large dams across central India. New imperialism directly implicates education institutions. Nail Ferguson suggests that the US must learn from Britain and send its best and brightest students ftom its leading universities on the imperial mission. Western civilization is the primary source of the world's ills even though it gave us the ideals of democracy, human rights, individual liberty and mutual tolerance. 

The core premise of postcolonial theory is that it is immoral for a scholar to put his knowledge of foreign languages and cultures at the service of American power.

Summary of Article 2 The Future of Postcolonial Studies. 

 The second edition of this book  came out a decade ago, some of the best known practitioners of postcolonial studies, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, claim they 'no longer have a postcolonial perspective. Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier (1997) point out , is evident in American environmentalism and its obsession with the wilderness. Nixon suggests such 'spatial amnesia' is one reason why postcolonial criticism has been suspicious of  earth-first 'green criticism ' and therefore has not engaged with questions  relating to the environment.  Of late postcolonialists must take a new direction towards the environment, the history and present of indigenous peoples and societies. Premodern histories and cultures ongoing colonization of territories , labour and peoples by global capitalism. 

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak said that postcolonial studies is gone and dead : 

" I know longer have a postcolonial perspective. I think postcolonial is the day before yesterday."

 Vandna Shiva , environmental activist observed in staying Alive : Women ecology and survival in India there is deep connection between colonialism and the deconstruction of  environmental diversity. The growth of capitalism, and now of trans-national corporations, exacerbated the dynamic begun under colonialism which has destroyed sustainable local cultures.

Rob Nixon in Environmentalism and postcolonialism argue that He writes about American environmentalism and its obsession with the wilderness. This wilderness obsession is celebrated at the cost of erasure of history of colonized peoples through myths of  empty lands. They remain amnesiac towards non- America geographies.

The Displacement of indigenous communities and the theft of their land are also defining features of many spaces that have been privileged in postcolonial studies is Nigeria - whose oil-rich homelands were targeted for drilling by multinational companies leading to the displacement of Ogoni people and wide-scale environmental destruction India - 

the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) led widespread protests against the project fundedgby multinational as well as indigenous capital. the protests highlighted not just ecological damage but the displacement of thousands of tribal peoples all across the Narmada valley Central India - plunder of forests by iron and bauxite mining companies - resistance led by Maoist guerrillas.

EXAMPLE : 

Ania Loomba has also discussed some recent scholarship and political movements that show why the colonial past and the globalised present are deeply interconnected.

Tatvamasi is Gujarati book written by author Dhruv Bhatt. This book is become so popular that Gujarati movie Reva has been made from it. The story is based upon parikrama of Narmada river by an NRI Indian.

When the book was written at that time the NBD took a place. Dhruv Bhatt in his novel keeps silent about Narmada Bachao Andolan. It is one kind of escape from contemporary movement. Reva is Movie adaptation of the Novel Tatvamasi.

 

Citation 

Loomba, A. (n.d.). Colonialism/ postcolonialism . http://armytage.net/pdsdata/%5BAnia_Loomba%5D_Colonialism_Postcolonialism_(The_New(Book4You).pdf.